General Background Information ................................. 19
1 A Short Guide to Soil Formation and the Soils of Europe ..... 21
(Edith Haslinger, Clemens Reimann & Manfred Birke)
1.1 Introduction ........................................... 21
1.2 Soil-what is it? ....................................... 21
1.3 Soil - an eco-friendly chemical factory ................ 27
1.4 Does soil always stay the same? ........................ 30
1.5 How many soil types are there? ......................... 36
1.6 Use of GEMAS data ...................................... 42
2 Geology of Europe ........................................... 47
(Fabian Jähne)
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 47
2.2 The European plate tectonic evolution in the
Phanerozoic ............................................ 49
2.3 The crustal framework of Europe - distribution of
terranes and tectonic plates ........................... 50
2.4 Igneous rocks of Europe ................................ 56
2.5 Sedimentary basin evolution in Europe from the
Palaeozoic to the Caenozoic ............................ 61
2.6 Major faults and fracture zones of Europe .............. 64
2.7 Impact structures of Europe ............................ 66
2.8 Quaternary development of Europe ....................... 69
3 Mineral Deposits of Europe .................................. 71
(Alecos Demetriades & Clemens Reimann)
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 71
3.2 Mineral deposit and mineralisation maps ................ 71
Applied Geochemistry of Selected Elements ................... 79
4 Arsenic Anomalies in European Agricultural and Grazing
Land Soil ................................................... 81
(Timo Tarvainen, Manfred Birke, Clemens Reimann, Michal
Poňavič & Stefano Albanese)
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 81
4.2 Materials and methods .................................. 81
4.3 Results ................................................ 82
4.4 Discussion ............................................. 83
4.5 Conclusions ............................................ 88
5 Distribution of Cadmium in European Agricultural and
Grazing Land Soil ........................................... 89
(Manfred Birke, Clemens Reimann, Uwe Rauch, Benedetto De
Vivo, Josip Halamić, Volodymyr Klos, Mateja Gosar & Anna
Ladenberger)
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 89
5.2 Occurrence and sources ................................. 90
5.3 Production and use ..................................... 92
5.1 Vegetation and aquatic biota ........................... 93
5.5 Health implications and ecotoxicology .................. 93
5.6 Survey area ............................................ 94
5.7 Results ................................................ 94
5.8 Discussion ............................................ 108
5.9 Conclusions ........................................... 114
6 Carbon Concentrations in European Agricultural and
Grazing Land Soil .......................................... 117
(Rainer Baritz, Vibeke Ernstsen & Dietmar Zirlewagen)
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 117
6.2 Materials and methods ................................. 118
6.3 Results ............................................... 122
6.4 Discussion ............................................ 127
6.5 Conclusions ........................................... 128
7 Distribution of Selenium in European Agricultural and
Grazing Land Soil .......................................... 131
(Michal Poňavič & Andreas Scheib)
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 131
7.2 Selenium .............................................. 131
7.3 Results ............................................... 135
7.4 Discussion ............................................ 138
7.5 Conclusions ........................................... 144
8 Natural Radioactive Elements Uranium, Thorium and
Potassium in European Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil ... 145
(Domenico Cicchella, Stefano Albanese, Manfred Birke,
Benedetto De Vivo, Walter De Vos, Enrico Dinelli,
Annamaria Lima, Patrick O'Connor, Ignace Salpeteur & Timo
Tarvainen)
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 145
8.2 Geochemical features .................................. 146
8.3 Health effects ........................................ 147
8.4 Uses .................................................. 148
8.5 Results and discussion ................................ 150
8.6 Conclusions ........................................... 156
9 Distribution of Aeolian Deposits in Europe and Their
Influence on Soil Geochemistry ............................. 161
(Andreas Scheib)
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 161
9.2 Aeolian deposits in Europe ............................ 161
9.3 Influence of aeolian deposits on soil geochemistry .... 163
9.4 Conclusions ........................................... 168
10 Distribution of Boron, Chlorine and Fluorine in European
Topsoil and Subsoil (based on samples from the FOREGS
project) ................................................... 169
(Reijo Salminen, Manfred Birke, Clemens Reimann,
Vlrgilija Gregorauskiené & Xueqiu Wang)
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 169
10.2 Methods ............................................... 172
10.3 Results ............................................... 174
10.4 Discussion ............................................ 176
10.5 Conclusions ........................................... 180
Mobility and Risk Assessment of Metals ........................ 181
11 Prediction of Metal and Metalloid Partitioning
Coefficients (Kd) in Soil Using Mid-Infrared Diffuse
Reflectance Spectroscopy ................................... 183
Les J. Janik, Sean Forrester, Jason K. Kirby, Michael
J. McLaughlin, José М. Soriano-Disla & Clemens Reimann)
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 183
11.2 Partial-least-squares models .......................... 184
11.3 Prediction of Kd values from DRIFT+pH models .......... 185
11.4 Conclusions ........................................... 188
12 Use of Monitoring Data for Risk Assessment of Metals
in Soil under the European REACH Regulation ................ 189
(Koen Oorts & Ilse Schoeters)
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 189
12.2 Materials and methods ................................. 191
12.3 Results ............................................... 194
12.4 Discussion ............................................ 197
12.5 Conclusions ........................................... 202
13 Mobile Metal Ion Analysis of European Agricultural Soil .... 203
(Alan Mann, Clemens Reimann, Patrice de Caritat &
Nicholas Turner)
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 203
13.2 Analysis and quality control .......................... 204
13.3 Results ............................................... 205
13.4 Comparison of results with other data sets ............ 220
13.5 Discussion and conclusions ............................ 227
Regional Interpretation of GEMAS Data ......................... 233
14 Elemental Patterns in Agricultural and Grazing
Land Soil in Norway, Finland and Sweden: What Have We
Learned from Continental-Scale Mapping? .................... 235
(Anna Ladenberger, Jo Uhlbäck, Madelen Andersson, Clemens
Reimann, Timo Tarvainen, George Morris, Martiya Sadeghi,
Mikael Eklund & Peter Filzmoser)
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 235
14.2 Topography and climate ................................ 235
14.3 Geology ............................................... 236
14.4 Human impact on agricultural land ..................... 239
14.5 Sampling and methodology .............................. 240
14.6 Discussion ............................................ 240
14.7 Conclusions ........................................... 251
15 Geochemical Characteristics of Ukrainian Soil Using
Landscape-Geochemical Regionalisation Based on the GEMAS
Data ....................................................... 253
(Volodymyr Klos, Manfred Birke, Grygorii Akinfiev & Yulia
Amashukeli)
15.1 Introduction .......................................... 253
15.2 Materials and methods ................................. 254
15.3 Results and discussion ................................ 256
15.4 Conclusions ........................................... 270
References ................................................. 273
Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................. 295
Appendices ................................................. 297
A Soil Guideline Values (SGVs) for Agricultural
and Grazing Land Soil in Different European Countries ... 299
В GEMAS Project: Statistical Parameters for All of
Europe (Ap and Gr samples) .............................. 307
С GEMAS Project: Statistical Parameters of Northern
and Southern Europe (Ap samples) ........................ 327
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