Preface ...................................................... xiii
Acknowledgements ............................................. xvii
Part 1: Fundamental Aspects .................................... 1
1 Combinatorial Plasma-based Surface Modification of
Polymers by Means of Plasma Printing with Gas-Carrying
Plasma Stamps at Ambient Pressure .......................... 3
Alena Hinze, Andrew Marchesseault, Stephanus Büttgenbach,
Michael Thomas and Claus-Peter Klages
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 4
1.2 Experimental ............................................... 7
1.2.1 Porous Plasma Stamp Design and Fabrication .......... 7
1.2.2 Plasma Printing .................................... 10
1.2.3 Chemical Derivatization of Functional Groups ....... 12
1.2.4 FTIR and EDX Analyses .............................. 14
1.2.5 Electroless Metallization .......................... 16
1.2.6 Numerical Simulation of Concentration
Distributions ...................................... 17
1.3 Results and Discussion .....................................18
1.4 Conclusions ............................................... 23
Acknowledgements .......................................... 23
References ................................................ 24
2 Treatment of Polymer Surfaces with Surface Dielectric
Barrier Discharge Plasmas ................................. 27
Marcel Šimor and Yves Creyghton
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 28
2.2 A General Overview of Surface Modification Results
Obtained with Surface DBDs ................................ 32
2.2.1 Activation Processing .............................. 33
2.2.2 Post-Activation Processing ......................... 36
2.3 An Overview of Selected Results Obtained at TNO by the
SBD ....................................................... 41
2.3.1 Hydrophilization of Polyester Fabric ............... 41
2.3.2 Improvement of Adhesion of Poly(vinyl chloride)
and Polyurethane Coatings to PET Fabric ............ 46
2.3.3 Plasma-Assisted Grafting of Biocidal Non-leaching
Coatings ........................................... 50
2.3.4 Hydrophobization of Cotton Woven and Glass Fibre
Nonwoven Fabrics ................................... 54
2.3.5 Corrosion-Protective Coatings of Thin Aluminium
Layer .............................................. 59
2.3.6 Plasma Polymerization of Nanocomposites ............ 62
2.3.7 Plasma-Assisted Self-Assembly Technique ............ 66
2.4 Conclusions ............................................... 73
References ................................................ 74
3 Selective Surface Modification of Polymeric Materials by
Atmospheric-Pressure Plasmas: Selective Substitution
Reactions on Polymer Surfaces by Different Plasmas ........ 83
Norihiro Inagaki
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 84
3.2 Defluorination of Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Surfaces ...... 86
3.2.1 Hydrophilic Modification of
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Surfaces by Low-
Pressure Plasma .................................... 86
3.2.2 Hydrophilic Modification of
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) by Atmospheric-Pressure
Plasma ............................................. 91
3.3 Selective Modification of Polymeric Surfaces by Plasma ... 102
3.3.1 Selective Modification with Primary Amino Groups
by Low-Pressure Plasma ............................ 104
3.3.2 Selective Modification Using Bromoform Plasma ..... 111
3.3.3 Direct Amination Using Atmospheric-Pressure
Plasma ............................................ 115
3.4 Summary .................................................. 120
References ............................................... 121
4 Permanence of Functional Groups at Polyolefin Surfaces
Introduced by Dielectric Barrier Discharge Pretreatment
in Presence of Aerosols .................................. 131
R. Mix, J.F. Friedrich and N. Inagaki
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 131
4.2 Experimental ............................................. 135
4.2.1 Materials ......................................... 135
4.2.2 DBD Treatment System .............................. 135
4.2.3 Analytical Characterization ....................... 136
4.3 Results .................................................. 137
4.3.1 Plasma-Induced Changes in Composition of Surface
Layer ............................................. 137
4.3.2 Stability of Surface Modification ................. 143
4.3.3 Angle-Resolved XPS Measurements ................... 148
4.4 Discussion ............................................... 151
4.5 Summary .................................................. 153
Acknowlegdements ......................................... 153
References ............................................... 153
5 Achieving Nano-scale Surface Structure on Wool Fabric by
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment .................... 157
C.W. Kan, W.Y.I. Tsoi, C.W.M. Yuen, T.M. Choi and
T.B. Tang
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 158
5.2 Experimental ............................................. 159
5.2.1 Materials and plasma treatment .................... 159
5.2.2 Characterisation .................................. 160
5.3 Results and Discussion ................................... 160
5.3.1 Surface Topographical Modification ................ 161
5.3.2 Surface Wetting Behaviour ......................... 162
5.3.3 Effects of Individual Operational Parameters ...... 163
5.4 Conclusions ......................................... 171
Acknowledgements ......................................... 171
References ............................................... 172
6 Deposition of Nanosilica Coatings on Plasma Activated
Polyethylene Films ....................................... 175
D.D. Pappas, A.A. Bujanda, J.A. Orlicki,
J.D. Demaree, J.K. Hirvonen, R.E. Jensen and
S.H. McKnight
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 175
6.2 Experimental ............................................. 177
6.3 Results and Discussion ................................... 179
6.3.1 Plasma Treatment and Surface Characterization
of Polyethylene Films ............................. 181
6.3.2 Silica Synthesis and Coating of Plasma Treated
Polyethylene Films ................................ 186
6.4 Conclusions .............................................. 194
Acknowledgement .......................................... 194
References ............................................... 195
7 Atmospheric Plasma Treatment of Polymers for Biomedical
Applications ............................................. 199
N. Gomathi, A.K. Chanda and S. Neogi
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 199
7.2 Plasma for Materials Processing .......................... 200
7.3 Atmospheric Plasma Sources ............................... 202
7.3.1 Corona Discharges ................................. 202
7.3.2 Dielectric Barrier Discharges ..................... 203
7.3.3 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets .................. 204
7.3.4 Microwave (MW) Driven Plasmas ..................... 204
7.4 Effects of Plasma on Polymer Surface ..................... 206
7.4.1 Plasma Surface Modification ....................... 206
7.4.2 Plasma-Induced Grafting ........................... 207
7.4.3 Plasma Polymerization ............................. 207
7.5 Atmospheric Plasma in Biomedical Applications ............ 208
7.5.1 Plasma Surface Modification of Biomaterials ....... 208
7.5.2 Inactivation of Microorganisms .................... 211
7.6 Conclusion ............................................... 212
References ............................................... 212
Part 2 Adhesion Enhancement .................................. 217
8 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization Surface
Treatments by Dielectric Barrier Discharge for Enhanced
Polymer-Polymer and Metal-Polymer Adhesion ............... 219
Maryline Moreno-Couranjou, Nicolas D. Boscher, David
Duday, Rémy Maurau, Elodie Lecoq and Patrick Choquet
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 220
8.2 Atmospheric Plasma Polymerization Processes .............. 221
8.3 Atmospheric Plasma Surface Modification for
Enhanced Adhesion ........................................ 223
8.3.1 Tailoring the Surface Morphology by an
Atmospheric Plasma Treatment ...................... 223
8.3.2 Deposition of Thin Organic Layers with Various
Chemical Functionalities by an AP-DBD-CVD
Process ........................................... 229
8.4 Applications of Adhesion Improvement Using Atmospheric
Pressure Plasma Treatments ............................... 240
8.4.1 Copper/Epoxy Adhesion in Electronics Industry ..... 240
8.4.2 Aluminum to Polyethylene Adhesion for Food
Packaging ......................................... 242
8.4.3 Improving Adhesion between Vulcanized and
Silicone Rubbers .................................. 243
8.5 Conclusion ............................................... 246
References ............................................... 246
9 Adhesion Improvement by Nitrogen Functionalization of
Polymers Using DBD-based Plasma Sources at Ambient
Pressure ................................................. 251
Michael Thomas, Marko Eichler, Kristina Lachmann,
Jochen Borris, Alena Hinze and Claus-Peter Klages
9.1 Introduction ............................................. 252
9.2 Amino Functionalization with Nitrogen-Containing Gases ... 253
9.2.1 Amino Functionalization Using a DBD ............... 253
9.2.2 Amino Functionalization Using an AC Corona
Discharge ......................................... 259
9.3 Adhesion Promotion by Amino Functionalization with
Nitrogen-Containing Gases ................................ 262
9.3.1 Adhesion Promotion by Amino Functionalization
Using DBD ......................................... 262
9.3.2 Adhesion Promotion by Amino Functionalization
Using an AC Corona Discharge ...................... 268
9.4 Conclusion ............................................... 270
Acknowledgements ......................................... 271
References ............................................... 271
10 Adhesion Improvement of Polypropylene through Aerosol
Assisted Plasma Deposition at Atmospheric Pressure ....... 275
Marjorie Dubreuil, Erik Bongaers and Dirk Vangeneugden
10.1 Introduction ............................................ 276
10.2 Experimental ............................................ 278
10.2.1 Experimental Setup ............................... 278
10.2.2 Contact Angle (CA) Measurements .................. 281
10.2.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) ........... 281
10.2.4 Profilometry Analysis ............................ 282
10.2.5 Infrared Spectroscopy ............................ 283
10.2.6 Peel Tests ....................................... 283
10.3 Results and Discussion ................................... 283
10.4 Conclusions .............................................. 295
Acknowledgments .......................................... 296
References ............................................... 296
11 The Effect of Helium-Air, Helium-Water Vapor, Helium-
Oxygen, and Helium-Nitrogen Atmospheric Pressure
Plasmas on the Adhesion Strength of Polyethylene ......... 299
Victor Rodriguez-Santiago, Andres A. Bujanda,
Kenneth E. Strawhecker and Daphne D. Pappas
11.1 Introduction ............................................. 300
11.2 Experimental Approach .................................... 301
11.2.1 Plasma System and Materials ....................... 301
11.2.2 Water Contact Angle Measurements .................. 302
11.2.3 AFM Images ........................................ 302
11.2.4 XPS Measurements .................................. 303
11.2.5 Adhesion Testing .................................. 303
11.3 Results and Discussion ................................... 304
11.3.1 Water Contact Angles .............................. 304
11.3.2 XPS Analysis ...................................... 304
11.3.3 AFM Results ....................................... 308
11.3.4 T-Peel Tests ...................................... 310
11.4 Conclusion ............................................... 311
Acknowledgements ......................................... 312
References ............................................... 312
12 Atmospheric Plasma Surface Treatment of Styrene-
Butadiene Rubber: Study of Adhesion and Ageing Effects ... 315
Cátia A. Carreira, Ricardo M. Silva, Vera V. Pinto,
Maria José Ferreira, Fernando Sousa, Fernando Silva and
Carlos M. Pereira
12.1 Introduction ........................................ 316
12.2 Experimental ............................................. 319
12.2.1 Characterization ................................. 320
12.3 Results and Discussion ................................... 320
12.3.1 Plasma Treatment .................................. 320
12.3.2 Ageing Effects .................................... 323
12.4 Conclusions .............................................. 325
Acknowledgements ......................................... 325
References ............................................... 326
13 Atmospheric Plasma Treatment in Extrusion Coating:
Part 1 Surface Wetting and LDPE Adhesion to Paper ........ 329
Mikko Tuominen, J. Lavonen, H. Teisala, M. Stepien and
J. Kuusipalo
13.1 Introduction ............................................. 330
13.2 Experimental ............................................. 332
13.3 Results and Discussion ................................... 336
13.3.1 Performance of Atmospheric Plasma Treatment Unit .. 336
13.3.2 Wetting of Paper Surface .......................... 340
13.3.3 Adhesion between LDPE Coating and Paper ........... 346
13.4 Conclusions .............................................. 350
Acknowledgements ......................................... 351
References ............................................... 351
14 Atmospheric Plasma Treatment in Extrusion Coating:
Part 2 Surface Modification of LDPE and PP Coated
Papers .................................................. 355
Mikko Tuominen, J. Lavonen, J. Lahti and J. Kuusipalo
14.1 Introduction ............................................. 356
14.2 Experimental ............................................. 359
14.3 Results and Discussion ................................... 363
14.3.1 Performance of Atmospheric Plasma Treatment Unit .. 363
14.3.2 Surface Wetting of LDPE and PP Coated Paper ....... 365
14.3.3 Printability of LDPE and PP Coated Papers ......... 370
14.3.4 Sealability of LDPE and PP Coated Papers .......... 373
14.3.5 Friction, Gloss and Barrier Properties of LDPE
and PP Coated Papers .............................. 376
14.4 Conclusions .............................................. 377
Acknowledgements ......................................... 379
References ............................................... 379
15 Achieving Enhanced Fracture Toughness of Adhesively
Bonded Cured Composite Joint Systems Using Atmospheric
Pressure Plasma Treatments ............................... 383
Amsarani Ramatnoorthy, Joseph Mohan, Greg Byrne,
Neal Murphy, Alojz Ivankovic and Denis P. Dowling
15.1 Introduction ............................................. 384
15.2 Materials and Methods .................................... 385
15.3 Characterisation Techniques ...............................387
15.3.1 Water Contact Angle Measurements .................. 387
15.3.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy .................. 387
15.3.3 Double Cantilever Beam Test ....................... 387
15.4 Results and Discussion ................................... 388
15.4.1 Surface Activation - Water Contact Angle (WCA)
Measurements ...................................... 388
15.4.2 Surface Chemistry - XPS Examination ............... 390
15.4.3 Mechanical Testing - Fracture Toughness ........... 392
15.5 Conclusions .............................................. 393
Acknowledgement .......................................... 393
References ............................................... 393
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