Preface ........................................................ xi
CHAPTER 1 Origins of Electronic Mixers ......................... 1
1.1 History of Radio Development ............................... 1
1.2 Single Ended Circuits ..................................... 18
1.3 Singly Balanced Mixers .................................... 23
1.4 Doubly Balanced Star Circuit .............................. 29
1.5 Special Receiver Architectures ............................ 30
1.6 Harmonic Mixers ........................................... 42
1.7 Self-Oscillating Balanced Mixers .......................... 44
1.8 Distributed Mixers ........................................ 45
1.9 Summary ................................................... 46
CHAPTER 2 System Parameters and Performance ................... 49
2.1 System Overview ........................................... 49
2.2 Digital Modulation ........................................ 54
2.3 Error Performance ......................................... 64
2.4 Receiver Architectures .................................... 68
2.5 Mixer Linearity ........................................... 74
2.6 Noise ..................................................... 76
2.7 Noise and Distortion in Communication Subsystems .......... 93
2.8 Dynamic Range ............................................ 102
2.9 Summary .................................................. 103
CHAPTER 3 Semiconductor Modeling ............................. 105
3.1 Modeling Schottky Diodes ................................. 105
3.2 Modeling Bipolar Transistors ............................. 109
3.3 Modeling Field Effect Transistors ........................ 121
3.4 Summary .................................................. 151
CHAPTER 4 Passive and Active Coupling Structures ............. 155
4.1 Balun Structure .......................................... 155
4.2 Marchand Balun ........................................... 164
4.3 Microstrip Baluns ........................................ 169
4.4 Lumped Elements .......................................... 187
4.5 Slotline Type ............................................ 191
4.6 Active Approach .......................................... 194
4.7 180° Hybrid Couplers (Magic-T) ........................... 203
4.8 Quadrature Hybrids ....................................... 221
4.9 Summary .................................................. 225
Appendix 4A - Guanella 4:1 Transformer ........................ 230
Appendix 4B - Compensated Balun ............................... 232
Appendix 4C - Active 180° FET Power Divider ................... 235
Appendix 4D - Alternative 180° FET Power Divider .............. 237
Appendix 4E - Active 180° FET Combiner ........................ 239
CHAPTER 5 Diode Mixer Theory ................................. 241
5.1 History of Linear and Nonlinear Analysis ................. 242
5.2 Linear Mixer Analysis .................................... 243
5.3 Frequency Conversion Matrix .............................. 247
5.4 Computer Simulation Example .............................. 276
5.5 Large Signal Conversion Analysis ......................... 289
5.6 Subharmonic Mixer ........................................ 300
5.7 Balanced Diode Circuits .................................. 313
5.8 Mixer Circuit Synthesis .................................. 323
5.9 Summary .................................................. 326
Appendix 5A - Parasitic Losses in Diode Mixers ................ 329
Appendix 5B - Conversion Matrix Including Parasitics .......... 333
Appendix 5C - Image Imp. and RF-Image Conversion .............. 340
Appendix 5D - Saleh Exp. Diode Mixer Performance .............. 341
CHAPTER 6 Diode Applications ................................. 345
6.1 Single Ended ............................................. 345
6.2 Singly Balanced .......................................... 353
6.3 Doubly Balanced .......................................... 384
6.4 Triply Balanced .......................................... 400
6.5 Quadrature Mixers ........................................ 413
6.6 Subharmonic Mixers ....................................... 416
6.7 Summary .................................................. 424
CHAPTER 7 ВJT Mixer Theory ................................... 431
7.1 Low Frequency Mixer ...................................... 433
7.2 Conversion Matrix ........................................ 441
7.3 Mixer Properties ......................................... 449
7.4 Design Study: CDMA Down-Converter ........................ 453
7.5 Cascode Approach ......................................... 457
7.6 Singly Balanced Mixer .................................... 461
7.7 Singly Balanced Subharmonic .............................. 473
7.8 Doubly Balanced Mixer .................................... 475
7.9 Design Study: WiFi 2.45 GHz Gilbert Mixer ................ 490
7.10 Differential Triple Level ................................ 495
7.11 Doubly Balanced Subharmonic .............................. 500
7.12 Subharmonic Triple Level ................................. 504
7.13 Summary .................................................. 508
Appendix 7A - 2SC5006 Gummel Poon Parameters .................. 511
Appendix 7B - AT305 Spice Parameters .......................... 512
CHAPTER 8 Bipolar Junction Transistor Applications ........... 513
8.1 Single Ended ............................................. 513
8.2 Parallel Combined Mixers ................................. 517
8.3 Integrated Circuit Topologies ............................ 531
8.4 Doubly Balanced .......................................... 543
8.5 Image Reject ............................................. 572
8.6 Subharmonic Topologies ................................... 580
8.7 Summary .................................................. 585
CHAPTER 9 FET Mixer Theory ................................... 589
9.1 Gate LO Injection ........................................ 591
9.2 Source LO Injection ...................................... 614
9.3 Drain LO Injection ....................................... 616
9.4 Resistive Approach ....................................... 624
9.5 Cascode Mixer ............................................ 637
9.6 Singly Balanced .......................................... 642
9.7 Doubly Balanced .......................................... 659
9.8 Subharmonic Mixing ....................................... 665
9.9 Distributed Mixers ....................................... 669
9.10 Summary .................................................. 674
Appendix 9A - NE67300 Parameters .............................. 679
Appendix 9B - Transistor NMOS 0.13 μm Tech. ................... 685
CHAPTER 10 Passive FET Applications ........................... 687
10.1 Single Ended ............................................. 687
10.2 Floating Approach ........................................ 697
10.3 Singly Balanced .......................................... 707
10.4 Doubly Balanced .......................................... 725
10.5 Distributed GaAs Applications ............................ 751
10.6 Summary .................................................. 753
CHAPTER 11 Active FET Applications ............................ 757
11.1 Single Ended ............................................. 757
11.2 Singly Balanced .......................................... 775
11.3 Doubly Balanced .......................................... 791
11.4 Subharmonic Approach ..................................... 814
11.5 Self-Oscillating FET Mixer ............................... 820
11.6 Distributed Applications ................................. 826
11.7 Summary .................................................. 838
Appendix Sampling Mixers ..................................... 843
About the Authors ............................................. 857
Index ......................................................... 859
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