Foreword ....................................................... ix
Disclaimer ................................................... xiii
List of Contributors ........................................... xv
Acknowledgements ............................................. xvii
1 General Introduction
KAI SAVOLAINEN
1.1 Use and Applications of Engineered Nanomaterials ........ 3
1.2 What is a Nanomaterial? ................................. 5
1.3 Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials Merits Attention ... 6
1.4 How to Measure Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials ..... 8
1.5 How About the Hazards? .................................. 9
1.6 Requirements for the Assessment and Management of
Risks of Engineered Nanomaterials ...................... 11
1.7 To Be Expected in the Future ........................... 12
1.8 Conclusions ............................................ 12
References .................................................. 13
2 Nanotechnology and Exposure Scenarios
SHEONA A.K. READ, ARACELI SÁNCHEZ JIMÉNEZ, BRYONY L. ROSS,
ROBERT AITKEN, MARTIE VAN TONGEREN
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 17
2.2 Development of Nanotechnology .......................... 18
2.3 Production of Engineered Nanomaterials ................. 19
2.4 Applications of Nanotechnology ......................... 20
2.5 Exposure Scenarios for Nanomaterials ................... 28
2.6 Exposure Scenario Case Examples ........................ 36
2.7 Summary ................................................ 55
Acknowledgements ............................................ 55
References .................................................. 55
3 Nanomaterials and Human Health
HARRI ALENIUS, JULIA CATALÁN, HANNA LINDBERG, HANNU
NORPPA, JAANA PALOMÄKI, KAI SAVOLAINEN
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 59
3.2 Biokinetics, Cardiovascular and Neurotoxicity of
Engineered Nanomaterials ............................... 66
3.3 Inflammatory Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials ....... 75
3.4 Nanomaterial-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation ............ 79
3.5 Nanomaterial-Induced Skin Inflammation ................. 89
3.6 Genotoxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials ............... 93
3.7 Carcinogenicity of Engineered Nanomaterials ........... 110
3.8 Implications of Health Effects and Safety of
Engineered Nanomaterials for Nanotechnologies ......... 117
3.9 Conclusions ........................................... 122
References ................................................. 122
4 From Source to Dose: Emission, Transport, Aerosol
Dynamics and Dose Assessment for Workplace Aerosol
Exposure
MARTIN SEIPENBUSCH, MINGZHOU YU, CHRISTOF ASBACH, UWE
RATING, THOMAS A.J. KUHLBUSCH, GÖRAN LIDÉN
4.1 Sources of Nanoparticles in the Workplace
(Seipenbusch) ......................................... 135
4.2 Aerosol Dynamics in Workplace Atmospheres
(Seipenbusch) ......................................... 137
4.3 Modelling Approaches to Aerosol Dynamics and
Transport in the Workplace (Yu) ....................... 141
4.4 Applications of Aerosol Dynamics and Flow Modelling
to Workplace Exposure (Mingzhou Yu) ................... 147
4.5 Modelling of the Evolution of a Nanoparticle Aerosol
in a Simulated Workplace (Asbach, Rating,
Kuhlbusch) ............................................ 152
Acknowledgement ............................................ 157
4.6 Dose Assessment (Lidén) ............................... 157
References ................................................. 166
5 Monitoring and Sampling Strategy for (Manufactured) Nano
Objects Agglomerates and Aggregates (NOAA): Potential
Added Value of the NANODEVICE Project
DERK H. BROUWER, GÓRAN LIDÉN, CHRISTOF ASBACH, MARKUS
G.M. BERGES, M ARTIE VAN TONGEREN
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 173
5.2 Measurement Principles and Instrumentation ............ 176
5.3 Measurement Strategy .................................. 191
5.4 New Devices (Pre-Prototypes) Developed by NANODEVICE
and Implications for Measurement Strategies ........... 196
5.5 Conclusions ........................................... 202
References ................................................. 202
6 Quality Control of Measurement Devices — What Can Be
Done to Guarantee High-Quality Measurements?
HANS-GEORG HORN, DIRK DAHMANN, CHRISTOF ASBACH
6.1 Responsibilities of the manufacturers (Horn) .......... 207
6.2 Responsibilities of the Users (Dahmann) ............... 213
6.3 External Instrument Comparison (Asbach) ............... 216
References ................................................. 221
7 Examples and Case Studies
CHRISTOF ASBACH, OLIVIER AGUERRE, CHRISTOPHE BRESSOT,
DERK H. BROUWER, UDO GOMMEL, BORIS GORBUNOV, OLIVIER LE
BIHAN, KELD ALSTRUP JENSEN, HEINZ KAMINSKI, MARKUS
KELLER, ISMO KALEVI KOPONEN, THOMAS A.J. KUHLBUSCH,
ANDRE LECLOUX, MARTIN MORGENEYER, ROBERT MUIR, NEERAJ
SHANDILYA, BURKHARD STAHLMECKE, ANA MARÍA TODEA
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 224
7.2 Emission Chambers, a Method for Nanosafety
(Le Bihan, Morgeneyer, Shandilya, Aguerre, Bressot) ... 226
Acknowledgements ...................................... 231
7.3 Exposure of Workers to Carbon Nanotubes in
a Commercial Production Facility; Preliminary
Results in the Frame of Risk Assessment and Risk
Management (Lecloux, Gorbunov, Brouwer, Мuir) ......... 231
Acknowledgements ...................................... 242
7.4 Investigations on CNT Release from Composite
Materials During End of Life (Stahlmecke, Asbach,
Todea, Kaminski, Kuhlbusch) ........................... 242
Acknowledgement ....................................... 255
7.5 The Need for Speed: Detection and Characterization
of Particle Release During Powder Handling Using
On-line Monitors (Jensen, Koponen) .................... 255
Acknowledgements ...................................... 268
7.6 Particulate Emissions from Equipment Used in Ultra
Clean Areas of the Semiconductor Industry (Gommel,
Keller) ............................................... 268
References ............................................ 275
8 Risk Assessment and Risk Management
MARKUS G.M. BERGES, ROBERT J. AITKEN, SHEONA A.K. READ,
KAI SAVOLAINEN, MARITA LUOTAMO, THOMAS BROCK
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 279
8.2 Basic Approaches to Control Exposure to Hazardous
Substances (By Thomas Brock) .......................... 280
8.3 Hierarchy of Control .................................. 288
8.4 Excursus: Safe Handling of Nanomaterials in the
Laboratory ............................................ 296
8.5 Health Risk Management of Engineered Nanomaterials .... 300
8.6 Risk Governance, Policy Aspects and Legislation in
the European Union and the United States .............. 308
Disclaimer ................................................. 320
Acknowledgement ............................................ 320
References ................................................. 320
9 Future Outlook of Engineered Nanomaterials and
Nanotechnologies
KAI SAVOLAINEN
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 327
9.2 New Principles for Engineered Nanomaterials Risk
and Safety Governance ................................. 330
9.3 Key Areas of Nanosafety Research and the Expected
Achievements in These Research Areas .................. 331
9.4 Future Health and Safety Requirements of
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies and
Identification of the Knowledge Needs and Gaps ........ 331
9.5 The Complexity of Nanomaterials and Their Control
and Regulation ........................................ 333
9.6 Progress of Nanotechnologies on Safety Requirements
of Nanomaterials and Technologies ..................... 333
9.7 Conclusions ........................................... 335
Acknowledgements ........................................... 336
References ................................................. 336
Index ......................................................... 339
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