Preface ........................................................ ix
Acknowledgements .............................................. xii
Chapter I. Phytoplankton ....................................... 1
1.1 Definitions and terminology ................................ 1
1.2 Historical context of phytoplankton studies ................ 3
1.3 The diversification of phytoplankton ....................... 4
1.4 General features of phytoplankton ......................... 15
1.5 The construction and composition of freshwater
phytoplankton ............................................. 24
1.6 Marine phytoplankton ...................................... 34
1.7 Summary ................................................... 36
Chapter 2.1 Entrainment and distribution in the pelagic ....... 38
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 38
2.2 Motion in aquatic environments ............................ 39
2.3 Turbulence ................................................ 42
2.4 Phytoplankton sinking and floating ........................ 49
2.5 Adaptive and evolutionary mechanisms for regulating ws .... 53
2.6 Sinking and entrainment in natural turbulence ............. 67
2.7 The spatial distribution of phytoplankton ................. 77
2.8 Summary ................................................... 90
Chapter 3.1 Photosynthesis and carbon acquisition in
phytoplankton .................................................. 93
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 93
3.2 Essential biochemistry of photosynthesis .................. 94
3.3 Light-dependent environmental sensitivity of
photosynthesis ........................................... 101
3.4 Sensitivity of aquatic photosynthesis to carbon sources .. 124
3.5 Capacity, achievement and fate of primary production at
the ecosystem scale ...................................... 131
3.6 Summary .................................................. 143
Chapter 4.1 Nutrient uptake and assimilation in
phytoplankton ................................................. 145
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 145
4.2 Cell uptake and intracellular transport of nutrients ..... 146
4.3 Phosphorus: requirements, uptake, deployment in
phytoplankton ............................................ 151
4.4 Nitrogen: requirements, sources, uptake and metabolism
in phytoplankton ......................................... 161
4.5 The role of micronutrients ............................... 166
4.6 Major ions ............................................... 171
4.7 Silicon: requirements, uptake, deployment in
phytoplankton ............................................ 173
4.8 Summary .................................................. 175
Chapter 5.1 Growth and replication of phytoplankton .......... 178
5.1 Introduction: characterising growth ...................... 178
5.2 The mechanics and control of growth ...................... 179
5.3 The dynamics of phytoplankton growth and replication in
controlled conditions .................................... 183
5.4 Replication rates under sub-ideal conditions ............. 189
5.5 Growth of phytoplankton in natural environments .......... 217
5.6 Summary .................................................. 236
Chapter 6 Mortality and loss processes in phytoplankton ...... 239
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 239
6.2 Washout and dilution ..................................... 240
6.3 Sedimentation ............................................ 243
6.4 Consumption by herbivores ................................ 250
6.5 Susceptibility to pathogens and parasites ................ 292
6.6 Death and decomposition .................................. 296
6.7 Aggregated impacts of loss processes on phytoplankton
composition .............................................. 297
6.8 Summary .................................................. 300
Chapter 7.1 Community assembly in the plankton: pattern,
process and dynamics .......................................... 302
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 302
7.2 Patterns of species composition and temporal change in
phytoplankton assemblages ................................ 302
7.3 Assembly processes in the phytoplankton .................. 350
7.4 Summary .................................................. 385
Chapter 8.1 Phytoplankton ecology and aquatic ecosystems:
mechanisms and management ..................................... 387
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 387
8.2 Material transfers and energy flow in pelagic systems .... 387
8.3 Anthropogenic change in pelagic environments ............. 395
8.4 Summary .................................................. 432
8.5 A last word .............................................. 435
Glossary ...................................................... 437
Units, symbols and abbreviations .............................. 440
References .................................................... 447
Index to lakes, rivers and seas ............................... 508
Index to genera and species of phytoplankton .................. 511
Index to genera and species of other organisms ................ 520
General index ................................................. 524
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