Prefасе
Abbreviations
1 Introduction to biomineralization and biomaterials ......... 1
1.1 Biological mineralization .................................. 1
1.2 Mechanism of biomineralization ............................. 1
1.2.1 Crystallization medium. Mineral formation in
Nature .............................................. 1
1.2.2 Organic matrix as a template for mineral
formation in Nature ................................. 4
1.2.3 Inorganic impurities and their role in the process
of biomineralization ................................ 5
1.2.4 Introduction to the group of calcium phosphates ..... 6
1.3 In vitro systems for studying biomineralization ........... 10
1.4 Materials commonly used as biomaterials ................... 11
1.5 Review of methods for the surface modification of
biomaterials .............................................. 15
2 Experimental approach ..................................... 18
2.1 Choice of materials ....................................... 18
2.1.1 Cr-Ni stainless steel .............................. 18
2.1.2 Titanium ........................................... 19
2.1.3 Silicon ............................................ 19
2.1.4 Glasses ............................................ 20
2.2 Crystallization medium. Hydroxyapatite growth on solid
surfaces by prolonged soaking in an aqueous solution ...... 20
2.3 Surface modification of materials ......................... 23
2.3.1 Whole-surface ion implantation: sequential
implantation of Ca and P ions ...................... 23
2.3.2 Creation of surface microstructures: ion
implantation throughji mask ........................ 37
2.3.2.1 Sequential implantation of Ca and P
ions through a mask ....................... 38
2.3.2.2 Implantation of Na ions through a mask .... 39
2.3.3 Thermal treatment of implanted samples ............. 42
2.3.4 Laser irradiation: simultaneous laser-liquid-
solid interaction .................................. 42
2.3.5 Deposition of nanostructures ....................... 45
2.3.6 Formation of porous silicon layers ................. 45
3 Hydroxyapatite growth on modified surfaces by using the
two approaches: results and discussion .................... 48
3.1 Prolonged soaking in a supersaturated calcium phosphate
aqueous solution .......................................... 48
3.1.1 Hydroxyapatite growth on surfaces modified by
whole-surface Ca and P sequential implantation ..... 48
3.1.2 Thermal treatment of hydroxyapatite layers ......... 59
3.1.3 Kinetics of the process of hydroxyapatite growth ... 64
3.1.4 Hydroxyapatite growth on surfaces modified by
Ca and P sequential implantation through a mask .... 71
3.1.5 Hydroxyapatite growth on surfaces modified by
Na implantation through a mask ..................... 74
3.2 Novel process for hydroxyapatite growth: simultaneous
laser-liquid-solid interaction ............................ 77
3.2.1 Hydroxyapatite growth on surfaces modified by
whole-surface Ca and P sequential implantation ..... 77
3.2.2 Hydroxyapatite growth on surfaces modified by Ca
and P sequential implantation through a mask ....... 80
3.2.3 Hydroxyapatite growth on surfaces modified by
whole-surface Na implantation ...................... 87
3.2.4 Hydroxyapatite growth on surfaces modified by
Na implantation through a mask ..................... 90
3.3 Nanostractured surfaces as a template for hydroxyapatite
growth by applying prolonged soaking and laser-liquid-
solid interaction processes ............................... 92
3.4 Bioactivation of porous silicon by deposition of
hydroxyapatite using the two approaches ................... 97
3.5 Influence of organic substances on the process of
biomineralization ........................................ 100
3.5.1 Modification of surfaces by deposition of an
extracellular matrix .............................. 101
3.5.2 Hydroxyapatite growth on structures of the type
"extracellular matrix/substrate" .................. 102
4 Summary and conclusions ................................... 109
5 Acknowledgements ........................................... 1ll
References .................................................... 112
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