1 Tropical rain forests - what are they really like? ........... 1
F.B. Goldsmith
1.1 Where are rain forests? ................................. 1
1.2 How fast is rain forest disappearing? ................... 3
1.3 Definitions ............................................. 4
1.4 Boundaries .............................................. 5
1.5 So what are they really like? ........................... 5
1.6 Why so much diversity? ................................. 11
1.7 How serious is fragmentation? .......................... 11
1.8 Quantitative studies in rain forest .................... 13
1.9 Case study: Tiwai Island ............................... 13
1.10 Sketch from the Amazon ................................. 14
1.11 Other regional studies ................................. 15
1.12 Conclusions ............................................ 15
Acknowledgements ............................................ 15
References .................................................. 16
2 Indigenous non-timber benefits from tropical rain forest .... 21
G.T. Prance
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 21
2.2 Indigenous use of the forest ........................... 21
2.3 Indigenous management of plant resources ............... 23
2.4 Extractive reserves .................................... 24
2.5 Sustainability ......................................... 32
2.6 The Convention on Biological Diversity ................. 36
2.7 Oligarchic forests ..................................... 38
2.8 Timber and non-timber forest products .................. 39
2.9 Conclusions ............................................ 39
References .................................................. 40
3 Degeneration versus regeneration - logging in tropical
rain forests ................................................ 43
N. Brown
3.1 Regeneration of tropical rain forests .................. 43
3.2 Silvicultural systems .................................. 48
3.3 The effects of logging on forest structure and
composition ............................................ 56
3.4 The hydrological cycle in tropical rain forests ........ 64
3.5 The effects of logging on forest hydrology and
erosion ................................................ 65
3.6 Impact on animal populations ........................... 67
3.7 Conclusions ............................................ 67
References .................................................. 68
4 Forest people and conservation initiatives: the cultural
context of rain forest conservation in West Africa .......... 75
B. Sharpe
4.1 Who are the indigenes? ................................. 78
4.2 First the forest: villages and the socialization of
space .................................................. 80
4.3 Forest destruction: who are the villains? .............. 84
4.4 Myths revisited: environmental management plans and
local realities ........................................ 87
4.5 Not all doom and gloom - engagement of conservation
with local aspirations ................................. 91
4.6 The UCL/ODA community forest management project ........ 92
4.7 Conclusion: forest futures, forest cultures ............ 93
Acknowledgement ............................................. 95
References .................................................. 95
5 Forest and environmental degradation ........................ 99
M.J. Eden
5.1 Forest degradation .................................... 100
5.2 Biophysical implications of forest degradation ........ 105
5.3 Strategies for forest conservation .................... 110
References ................................................. 112
6 Soil and vegetation effects of tropical deforestation ...... 119
S.M. Ross
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 119
6.2 Effects of different deforestation practices on soil
and vegetation ........................................ 121
6.3 Deforestation effects on microclimate ................. 121
6.4 Deforestation effects on soil physical properties ..... 124
6.5 Deforestation effects on soil erosion ................. 126
6.6 Deforestation effects on soil chemical properties ..... 128
6.7 Changes in soil conditions with time after
deforestation ......................................... 135
6.8 Deforestation effects on soil biology ................. 146
6.9 Deforestation effects on vegetation ................... 153
6.10 Conclusions ........................................... 163
References ................................................. 165
7 Causes of tropical deforestation and institutional
constraints to conservation ................................ 175
K.S. Bawa and S. Dayanandan
7.1 Deforestation rates ................................... 176
7.2 Causes of deforestation ............................... 182
7.3 Institutional constraints ............................. 189
7.4 Conclusions ........................................... 194
Acknowledgements ........................................... 194
References ................................................. 195
8 The economics of the tropical timber trade and sustainable
forest management .......................................... 199
E.B. Barbier
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 199
8.2 Trends in forest products trade and deforestation ..... 200
8.3 Market access and trade barriers ...................... 207
8.4 Certification and labelling ........................... 221
8.5 The costs of implementing sustainable forest
management ............................................ 229
8.6 Financing sustainable forest management ............... 239
8.7 Summary and conclusions ............................... 245
References ................................................. 250
9 Can non-market values save the tropical forests? ........... 255
D. Pearce
9.1 Introduction: the forest crisis ....................... 255
9.2 What do we know about non-market values? .............. 257
9.3 Will non-timber values save the forests? .............. 265
Acknowledgement ............................................ 265
References ................................................. 265
10 The role of policy and institutions ........................ 269
James Mayers and Stephen Bass
10.1 Why policy matters: dealing with multiple interests
and change ............................................ 269
10.2 Policy influences on forests .......................... 273
10.3 Policy challenges for sustainability - national and
international ......................................... 279
10.4 Institutions and stakeholders ......................... 282
10.5 Emerging lessons on 'policy that works' ............... 289
10.6 Signs of change ....................................... 299
References ................................................. 300
11 Modelling tropical land use change and deforestation ....... 303
A. Grainger
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 303
11.2 Background ............................................ 303
11.3 A theoretical model of the causes of deforestation .... 305
11.4 Regression models of the causes of deforestation ...... 311
11.5 Theoretical models of trends in forest cover .......... 319
11.6 Modelling trends in forest cover ...................... 322
11.7 Modelling long-term spatial deforestation trends ...... 335
11.8 Conclusions ........................................... 339
References ................................................. 341
12 Communicating the message: a case study from the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew ....................................... 345
Соlin Clubbe
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 345
12.2 What is the message and why should we bother? ......... 346
12.3 Types of audience ..................................... 347
12.4 Resources available ................................... 355
12.5 Is the message getting across? ........................ 361
12.6 Conclusions ........................................... 365
References ................................................. 365
13 Effective campaigning ...................................... 367
A. Juniper
13.1 The campaigners ....................................... 367
13.2 The campaign - origins and impacts .................... 368
13.3 The timber trade - importing deforestation ............ 371
13.4 The private sector in the rain forests ................ 377
13.5 Aid, development, the international financial
institutions and the rain forests ..................... 380
13.6 International agreements .............................. 383
13.7 Rain forests - campaign priorities for the future ..... 385
13.8 Conclusions ........................................... 389
Acknowledgements ........................................... 389
References ................................................. 389
14 Synthesis .................................................. 391
F.B. Goldsmith
14.1 Production ............................................ 391
14.2 Protection ............................................ 392
14.3 Conservation .......................................... 392
14.4 Services for people ................................... 392
14.5 Policies and institutions ............................. 392
14.6 Knowledge base ........................................ 393
References ................................................. 394
List of acronyms ........................................... 395
Index ......................................................... 397
|
