Preface ...................................................... XIII
A note to the reader ........................................... XV
Thanks ....................................................... XVII
FROM THE RESEARCH TO ADECO-RS
1 The dynamics of tunnel advance ............................. 3
1.1 The basic concepts ......................................... 3
1.2 The medium ................................................. 7
1.3 The action ................................................. 9
1.4 The reaction .............................................. 11
2 The deformation response of the medium to excavation ...... 15
2.1 The experimental and theoretical research ................. 15
2.1.1 The first research stage ........................... 17
2.1.2 The second research stage .......................... 19
2.1.2.1 The example of the Frejus motorway
tunnel (1975) ............................. 21
2.1.2.2 The example of the "Santo Stefano"
tunnel (1984) ............................. 25
2.1.2.3 The S. Elia tunnel (1985) ................. 29
2.1.2.4 The example of the "Tasso" tunnel (1988) .. 31
2.1.2.5 The results of the second research stage .. 33
2.1.3 The third research stage ........................... 35
2.1.3.1 The Vasto tunnel (1991) ................... 45
2.1.3.2 Results of the third research stage ....... 61
2.2 The advance core as a stabilisation instrument ............ 65
2.3 The advance core as a point of reference for tunnel
specifications ............................................ 66
3 Analysis of the deformation response according
to the ADECO-RS approach ...................................69
3.1 Experimental and theoretical studies ...................... 69
3.1.1 Full scale experimentation ......................... 71
3.1.2 Laboratory experimentation ......................... 77
3.2 Numerical analyses ........................................ 83
3.2.1 Studies using analytical approaches ................ 83
3.2.2 Studies using numerical approaches on axial
symmetrical models ................................. 85
3.2.3 Studies using numerical approaches on 3D models .... 89
3.3 Results of the experimental and theoretical analyses
of the deformation response ............................... 91
4 Control of the deformation response according
to the ADECO-RS approach .................................. 93
4.1 Control ahead of the face ................................. 95
4.2 Control in the tunnel back from the face .................. 95
5 The analysis of controlled deformation in rocks and
soils .................................................... 105
5.1 Development of the new approach .......................... 105
5.1.1 Conceptual framework according to the ADECO-RS
approach .......................................... 107
5.1.1.1 Category A ............................... 111
5.1.1.2 Category В ............................... 111
5.1.1.3 Category С ............................... 113
5.1.2 The different stages of the ADECO-RS approach ..... 115
THE DESIGN STAGE
6 The survey phase ......................................... 121
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 121
6.1.1 The basic concepts of the survey phase ............ 121
6.1.2 The survey phase for conventional excavation ...... 123
6.1.2.1 The geomorphological and hydrogeological
characteristics of the area .............. 125
6.1.2.2 Location and definition of the terrain
through which the underground alignment
passes ................................... 127
6.1.2.3 Tectonics, geological structure and the
stress state of the rock mass ............ 129
6.1.2.4 Hydrogeological regime of the rock mass .. 133
6.1.2.5 Geomechanical characteristics of the
materials ................................ 133
6.1.3 The survey phase for TBM excavation ............... 139
6.1.4 Geological surveys for excavation with
preliminary pilot tunnel .......................... 141
6.1.5 Final considerations .............................. 145
7 The diagnosis phase ...................................... 153
7.1 Background ............................................... 153
7.2 The basic concepts of the diagnosis stage ................ 153
7.3 Identification of sections with uniform stress-strain
behaviour ................................................ 155
7.4 Calculation methods for predicting the behaviour
category ................................................. 159
7.5 Assessing the development of the deformation response .... 165
7.6 Portals .................................................. 167
7.6.1 Lithology, morphology, tectonics and structure
of the slope to be entered ........................ 169
7.6.2 Hydrology, pre-existing buildings and structures
and environmental constraints ..................... 169
7.6.3 Geomechanical characteristics of the ground ....... 171
7.6.4 Forecasting the deformation behaviour of the
slope ............................................. 171
7.7 Final considerations ..................................... 173
8 The therapy phase ........................................ 175
8.1 Background ............................................... 175
8.2 Basic concepts of the therapy phase ...................... 177
8.3 Excavation systems ....................................... 183
8.4 Mechanised or conventional excavation? ................... 185
8.5 Tunnel boring machines in relation to the confinement
action they exert ........................................ 191
8.6 Design using conventional excavation ..................... 195
8.7 Stabilisation intervention ............................... 199
8.7.1 Preconfinement intervention ....................... 205
8.7.2 Confinement intervention .......................... 207
8.7.3 Presupport and support intervention ............... 209
8.8 Composition of typical longitudinal and cross sections ... 209
8.9 Construction variabilities ............................... 217
8.10 The dimensions and verification of tunnel section types .. 219
8.10.1 Solid load calculation methods .................... 221
8.10.2 Plasticised ring calculation methods .............. 223
8.11 Particular aspects of the therapy phase .................. 225
8.11.1 Tunnels under the water table ..................... 225
8.11.2 Adjacent tunnels .................................. 231
8.11.3 Tunnels with two faces approaching each other ..... 231
8.11.4 Portals ........................................... 235
8.12 Final considerations ..................................... 237
THE CONSTRUCTION STAGE
9 The operational phase .................................... 241
9.1 Background ............................................... 241
9.2 The basic concepts of the operational phase .............. 241
9.3 Excavation ............................................... 243
9.4 Cavity preconfinement intervention ....................... 247
9.4.1 Cavity preconfinement by means of full face
mechanical precutting ............................. 247
9.4.2 Cavity preconfinement using pretunnel technology .. 257
9.4.3 Preconfinement of the tunnel after strengthening
the core-face with fibre glass reinforcement ...... 267
9.4.4 Preconfinement of the tunnel by means of
truncated cone 'umbrellas' formed by sub
horizontal columns of ground side by side
improved by jet-grouting .......................... 279
9.4.5 Preconfinement of the tunnel by means of
truncated cone 'umbrellas' of ground improved
by means of conventional grouting ................. 289
9.4.6 Preconfinement of the tunnel by means of
truncated cone 'umbrellas' of drainage pipes
ahead of the face ................................. 295
9.5 Cavity confinement intervention .......................... 301
9.5.1 Confinement of the cavity by means of radial
rock bolts ........................................ 301
9.5.2 Cavity confinement using a preliminary lining
shell of shotcrete ................................ 307
9.5.3 Confinement of the cavity by means of the tunnel
invert ............................................ 313
9.5.4 Confinement of the cavity by means of the final
lining ............................................ 315
9.6 Waterproofing ............................................ 317
10 The monitoring phase ....................................... 321
10.1 Background ............................................... 321
10.2 Basic concepts ........................................... 323
10.3 Measurement stations ..................................... 325
10.3.1 Principle measurement stations .................... 325
10.3.2 Extrusion measurement stations .................... 329
10.3.3 Monitoring stations ............................... 331
10.3.4 Systematic measurement stations ................... 331
10.4 The design of the system for monitoring during
construction ............................................. 333
10.5 Monitoring the tunnel when in service .................... 337
10.6 The interpretation of measurements ....................... 343
10.6.1 Background ........................................ 343
10.6.2 Interpretation of extrusion measurements .......... 345
10.6.3 The interpretation of convergence measurements .... 349
10.7 Back-analysis procedures ................................. 355
10.7.1 Fine tuning of the design during construction
of the tunnel beneath the Mugello international
motor racing track with a shallow overburden ...... 357
10.7.1.1 The survey phase ......................... 357
10.7.1.2 The diagnosis phase ...................... 359
10.7.1.3 The therapy phase ........................ 361
10.7.1.4 The monitoring programme ................. 361
10.7.1.5 Final calibration of the design based
on monitoring feedback ................... 363
10.7.1.6 The operational phase .................... 367
10.7.1.7 The monitoring phase ..................... 367
10.7.1.6 Final considerations ..................... 371
APPENDICES
Introduction to the appendices ................................ 383
Appendix A The design and construction of tunnels
for the new Rome-Naples high speed/capacity railway
line ..................................................... 385
Appendix В The design and construction of tunnels
for the new Bologna-Florence high speed/capacity
railway line ............................................. 413
Appendix C The Tartaiguille tunnel ........................... 453
Appendix D Cellular arch technology .......................... 471
Appendix E Artificial Ground Overburdens (A.G.O.) ............ 493
Appendix F Portals in difficult ground ....................... 509
Appendix G Widening road, motorway and railway tunnels
without interrupting use ................................. 539
Glossary ...................................................... 559
Bibliography .................................................. 567
Contents of the special focus boxes ........................... 573
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