1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Historical Perspectives ................................. 1
1.2 The Core of the Sun ..................................... 9
1.3 Radiative Zone ......................................... 10
1.4 Convection Zone ........................................ 11
1.5 Photosphere ............................................ 12
1.6 Chromosphere ........................................... 14
1.7 Corona ................................................. 14
1.8 Solar Wind ............................................. 16
2 Electromagneto Statics ...................................... 19
2.1 Charge and Current Distributions ....................... 19
2.2 Coulomb's Law .......................................... 22
2.3 Gauss's Law ............................................ 23
2.4 Ampere's Law ........................................... 26
2.5 Faraday's Law .......................................... 29
2.6 Vector Magnetic Potential .............................. 31
2.7 Maxwell's Equations .................................... 33
3 MHD Equations and Concepts .................................. 37
3.1 Assumptions ............................................ 37
3.2 Dimensionless Parameters ............................... 39
3.3 Mass Continuity ........................................ 40
3.4 Equations of Motion .................................... 43
3.5 Energy Equation ........................................ 45
3.6 MHD Equilibrium ........................................ 52
3.7 Magnetic Flux Tubes .................................... 57
3.8 Current-Free (Potential) Fields ........................ 59
3.9 Force-Free Fields ...................................... 61
3.10 Parker's Solution for Solar Wind ....................... 68
4 Waves in Uniform Media ...................................... 71
4.1 Basic Equations ........................................ 71
4.2 Sound Waves ............................................ 74
4.3 Alfvйn Waves ........................................... 75
4.4 Shear Alfvйn Waves ..................................... 77
4.5 Compressional Alfvén Waves ............................. 78
4.6 Magnetoacoustic Waves .................................. 82
4.7 Internal and Magnetoacoustic Gravity Waves ............. 85
4.8 Phase Mixing and Resonant Absorption of Waves .......... 90
5 Waves in Nonuniform Media ................................... 97
5.1 Waves at a Magnetic Interface .......................... 97
5.2 Surface and Interfacial Waves ......................... 103
5.3 Waves in a Magnetic Slab .............................. 114
5.4 Waves in Cylindrical Geometries ....................... 124
5.5 Waves in Untwisted and Twisted Tubes .................. 131
6 Instabilities .............................................. 135
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 135
6.2 Ray leigh-Taylor Instability .......................... 136
6.3 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability .......................... 142
6.4 Parametric Instability ................................ 146
6.5 Parker Instability .................................... 149
7 Waves in the Sun ........................................... 155
7.1 Five-Minute Oscillations .............................. 155
7.2 Oscillations in Sunspots .............................. 158
7.3 Chromospheric Oscillations ............................ 161
7.4 Coronal Waves ......................................... 166
7.5 Coronal Seismology .................................... 174
7.6 Coronal Heating Due to Waves .......................... 180
7.7 EIT and Moreton Waves ................................. 183
8 Helioseismology ............................................ 187
8.1 Equations of Motion ................................... 188
8.2 Equilibrium Structure ................................. 191
8.3 Perturbation Analysis ................................. 192
8.4 Acoustic Waves ........................................ 193
8.5 Internal Gravity Waves ................................ 195
8.6 Equations of Linear Stellar Oscillations .............. 197
8.7 Properties of Solar Oscillations (Internal) ........... 199
8.8 p- and g-Modes ........................................ 202
References .................................................... 211
Index ......................................................... 219
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