Preface ....................................................... XII
List of Authors ............................................... XVI
I Toxicity ................................................... 1
1 Biotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ................... 3
Amanda M. Fond and Gerald J. Meyer
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 3
1.2 Nanoparticles in the Environment ........................... 5
1.3 How Nanoparticles are Introduced into Mammalian Systems
1.4 Health Threats ............................................. 8
1.5 Nanomaterials and Biotoxicity .............................. 9
1.5.1 Iron Oxide .......................................... 9
1.5.2 Titanium Dioxide ................................... 13
1.5.3 Other Metal Oxides ................................. 25
1.6 Conclusions ............................................... 28
Acknowledgment ............................................ 29
References ................................................ 29
2 Ecotoxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials .................. 35
Eva Oberdцrster, Patricia McClellan-Creen, and Mary
Haasch
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 35
2.2 Water ..................................................... 38
2.3 Air ....................................................... 42
2.4 Soils ..................................................... 42
2.5 Weathering ................................................ 43
2.6 Biomarkers ................................................ 44
2.7 Conclusions 46 References ................................. 47
II H«kh ....................................................... 51
3 Possible Health Impact of Nanomaterials .................. 53
Peter H.M. Hoet, Irene Brüske-Hohlfeld, and Oleg
V. Salata
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 53
3.2 Sources of Nanoparticles .................................. 53
3.3 Epidemiological Evidence .................................. 54
3.4 Entry Routes into the Human Body .......................... 56
3.4.1 Lung ............................................... 57
3.4.2 Intestinal Tract ................................... 61
3.4.3 Skin ............................................... 62
3.5 What Makes Nanoparticles Dangerous? ....................... 64
3.5.1 Particle Size - Surface and Body Distribution ...... 65
3.5.2 Nanoparticles, Thrombosis and Lung Inflammation .... 67
3.5.3 Nanoparticles and Cellular Uptake .................. 69
3.5.4 Nanoparticles and the Blood-Brain Barrier .......... 69
3.6 Summary and Discussion .................................... 69
3.7 What Can be Done? ......................................... 71
References ................................................ 72
4 Dosimetry, Epidemiology and Toxicology of Nanoparticles ... 82
Wolfgang C. Kreyling, Manuela Semmler-Behnke, and
Winfried Möller
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 81
4.1.1 Overview ........................................... 81
4.1.2 General Background ................................. 81
4.1.3 Epidemiological Evidence for Health Effect
Associations with Ambient Particulate Matter ....... 83
4.1.4 Toxicological Evidence for Ambient Particulate
Matter Induced Adverse Health Effects .............. 84
4.2 Inhaled Nanoparticle Dosimetry ............................ 85
4.2.1 Particle Measures .................................. 85
4.2.2 Deposition of Ultrafine Particles in the
Respiratory System ................................. 86
4.2.3 Fate of Particles in the Lungs ..................... 87
4.2.1 Slowly Dissolving and Insoluble Particles
Deposited on the Airway Wall ....................... 87
4.2.4 Translocation of Ultrafme Particles into Systemic
Circulation ........................................ 88
4.3 Toxicological Plausibility of Health Effects Caused by
Nanoparticles ............................................. 93
4.3.1 Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by Ultrafme
Particles .......................................... 94
4.3.2 Systemic Inflammation and other Responses .......... 95
4.3.3 Relevant Parameters in Nanoparticle Toxicology ..... 96
4.4 Integrated Concept of Risk Assessment of Nanoparticles ... 102
References ............................................... 103
5 Impact of Ceramic and Metallic Nano-scaled Particles on
Endothelial Cell Functions in Vitro ...................... 108
Kirsten Peters, Ronald E. Unger, Antonietta M. Catti,
Enrico Sabbioni, Andrea Cambarelli, and C. James
Kirkpatrick
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 108
5.1.1 Origin of Particles in the Human Environment ...... 108
5.2 Materials and Methods .................................... 122
5.2.1 Cell Culture ...................................... 122
5.2.2 Particles ......................................... 122
5.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (ТЕМ) ............ 122
5.2.4 Cytotoxicity Assay ................................ 122
5.2.5 Detection of Ki67 Expression ...................... 122
5.2.6 Quantification of IL-8 Release in Cell Culture
Supernatant ....................................... 122
5.2.7 Quantification of E-selectin Cell Surface Protein
Expression ........................................ 122
5.2.8 Fluorescence Staining ............................. 123
5.2.9 Statistical Analysis .............................. 123
5.3 Results .................................................. 123
5.4 Discussion ............................................... 120
5.4.1 Particle Internalization .......................... 122
5.4.2 Particle Cytotoxicity ............................. 122
5.4.3 Pro-inflammatory Activation ....................... 123
5.4.4 Conclusions and Consideration of the Risk of
Nanoparticles to Human Health ..................... 124
Acknowledgments .......................................... 125
References ............................................... 125
6 Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes and its Implications for
Occupational and Environmental Health .................... 130
Chiu-wing Lam, John T. James, Richard McCluskey,
Andrij Holian, and Robert L. Hunter
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 130
6.1.1 Overview .......................................... 130
6.1.2 General Background ................................ 131
6.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotechnology ...................... 131
6.3 Manufactured Carbon Nanotubes: Their Synthesis,
Properties, and Potential Applications ................... 132
6.3.1 Discovery and Synthesis ........................... 232
6.3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties .................. 233
6.3.3 Applications ...................................... 234
6.4 Occurrence of Carbon Nanotubes in the Environment ........ 234
6.4.1 Potential Occupational Exposures and
Environmental Impact of Manufactured Carbon
Nanotubes ......................................... 134
6.4.2 Combustion-generated Carbon Nanotubes in the
Environment ....................................... 236
6.4.3 Comparison of the Physical Structures of
Manufactured and Non-manufactured Carbon
Nanotubes ......................................... 239
6.5 Toxicological Studies and Toxicity of Manufactured CNTs .. 239
6.5.1 Study of SWCNTs in Guinea Pigs by Huczko et al.
of Warsaw University .............................. 242
6.5.2 Study of SWCNTs in Mice by Lam et al. of
NASA-JSC Toxicology Laboratory .................... 242
6.5.3 Study of SWCNTs in Rats by Warheit et al. of
DuPont Company .................................... 243
6.5.4 Study of SWCNTs in Mice by Shvedova et al. of
NIOSH ............................................. 245
6.5.5 Study of MWCNTs by Muller et al. of Belgium ....... 246
6.6 Health Risk Implications ................................. 246
6.6.1 Toxicity Summary of CNTs and Occupational
Exposure Risk ..................................... 246
6.6.2 Impact of SWCNTs on Environmental Health .......... 147
6.6.3 Toxicity of MWCNTs and Impact on Environmental
Health ............................................ 247
Acknowledgment ........................................... 248
References ............................................... 249
7 Toxicity of Nanomaterials - New Carbon Conformations
and Metal Oxides ......................................... 253
Harald F. Krug, Katrin Kern, Jörg M. Wörle-Knirsch, and
Silvia Diabaté
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 253
7.1.1 Nanoscale Materials and Adverse Health Effects:
Precautionary Measures ............................ 255
7.1.2 Hazard Identification and Exposure Estimation ..... 156
7.2 Production and Use of "New Carbon Modifications" and
Metal Oxides ............................................. 257
7.2.1 Health Aspects .................................... 159
7.2.2 Uptake and Possible Transport, Depots, and
Accumulation in Living Organisms .................. 160
7.2.3 Biological Effects on Cellular Mechanisms ......... 164
7.2.4 Possible Hazards - Toxicological Impacts .......... 275
7.3 Risk Characterization - A Conclusion ..................... 276
7.3.1 Opportunities and Risks of Nanomaterials .......... 177
7.3.2 New Materials without Risks? ...................... 177
References ............................................... 179
III Environment .............................................. 187
8 Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation .............. 289
Clen E. Fryxell and Shas V. Mattigod
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 189
8.2 Nanoparticle-based Remediation Materials ................. 190
8.2.1 Acid-Base Chemistry ............................... 191
8.2.2 Redox Chemistry ................................... 194
8.2.3 Field Deployments of ZVI .......................... 195
8.2.4 Absorption Chemistry .............................. 196
8.3 Hybrid Nanostractured Remediation Materials .............. 196
8.3.1 Nanostractured Metal Phosphonates ................. 296
8.3.2 Self-assembled Monolayers on Mesoporous Supports
(SAMMS) ............................................ 200
8.3.3 Functional CNTs ................................... 204
8.4 Conclusions .............................................. 205
References ............................................... 206
9 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment ........................ 222
Peter Majewski
9.1 Introduction ............................................. 211
9.2 Iron Nanoparticles ....................................... 214
9.3 Inorganic Photocatalysts ................................. 217
9.4 Functionalized Self-assembled Monolayers ................. 221
9.5 Other Materials .......................................... 225
9.6 Magnetic Iron Exchange Resin (MIEX) ...................... 226
References ............................................... 227
10 Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Removal of
Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals in Water .................. 234
Heather M. Coleman
10.1 Introduction ............................................. 234
10.2 Background to Oestrogens in the Environment .............. 235
10.2.1 Advanced Oxidation Techniques (AOTs) .............. 237
10.2.2 Ultraviolet Photolysis ............................ 238
10.3 Nanoparticles for Water Treatment Applications ........... 238
10.3.1 Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis .................. 239
10.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of 17β-Oestradiol in Water
over an Immobilized TНO2 Catalyst ........................ 243
10.5 Rapid Loss of Oestrogenicity of Natural and Synthetic
Oestrogens in Water by Photocatalysis and UVA
Photolysis Monitored using a Yeast Screen Bioassay ....... 245
10.6 Photocatalytic Degradation of 17β-Oestradiol, Oestriol
and 17a-Ethynyloestradiol in a Quartz Coil Reactor
Monitored using Fluorescence Spectroscopy ................ 252
10.7 Comparison of Photocatalysis with UVA and UVC Radiation
for the Degradation of Natural and Synthetic Oestrogens
in Water ................................................. 259
10.8 Overall Conclusions and Identification of Research
Needs .................................................... 262
References ............................................... 265
11 Nanosensors for Environmental Applications ............... 272
Wan Y. Shih and Wei-Heng Shih
11.1 Introduction ............................................. 272
11.1.1 Overview .......................................... 272
11.1.2 Sensor ............................................ 272
11.1.3 Piezoelectric Cantilever Sensors (PECS) ........... 273
11.2 Theory of PECS ........................................... 273
11.2.1 Unimorph .......................................... 274
11.2.2 PECS with a Nonpiezoelectric Extension ............ 275
11.3 Examples of Detections ................................... 278
11.3.1 Immobilization and In-solution Quantification of
Yeast Cells ....................................... 278
11.3.2 Detection of Binding of Biotinylated Polystyrene
Spheres to Immobilized Avidin ..................... 280
11.3.3 Detection of Avidin Immobilization at the
Cantilever Tip .................................... 281
11.3.4 Salmonella typhimurium Detection .................. 281
11.3.5 Nerve Gas Simulant Detection ...................... 286
11.4 Piezoelectric Cantilever Miniaturization ................. 287
11.4.1 PMN-PT/Cu Microcantilevers and PZT/SНO2-SН3N4
Nanocantilevers ................................... 288
11.4.2 PZT/SiO2 Microcantilevers ......................... 289
11.5 Conclusions .............................................. 290
Acknowledgment ........................................... 292
References ............................................... 292
12 Toxicology of Nanoparticles in Environmental Air
Pollution ................................................ 294
Ken Donaldson, Nicholas Mills, David E. Newby, William
MacNee, and Vicki Stone
12.1 Introduction ............................................. 294
12.2 History of Air Pollution ................................. 294
12.3 Introduction to Air Pollution Particles .................. 296
12.4 Adverse Effects of PM in Epidemiological Studies ......... 296
12.5 Nanoparticles are an Important Component of PM ........... 298
12.6 Role of Nanoparticles in Mediating the Adverse
Pulmonary Effects of PM .................................. 300
12.7 Effects of Nanoparticles on the Cardiovascular System .... 302
12.8 Inflammation, Atherosclerosis and Plaque Rupture ......... 303
12.9 Nanoparticle Translocation and Direct Vascular Effects ... 304
12.10 Endothelial Dysfunction and Endogenous Fibrinolysis ..... 305
12.11 Coagulation and Thrombosis .............................. 307
12.12 Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction ........................... 308
12.13 Effects of Nanoparticles on the Liver and
Gastrointestinal Tract .................................. 308
12.14 Effects of NP on the Nervous System ..................... 310
12.15 Summary ................................................. 310
References .............................................. 310
Index ......................................................... 379
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