Series Introduction ........................................... iii
Preface ......................................................... v
1 Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures ......................... 1
1.1 Introduction and Overview ............................... 1
1.2 Aging Infrastructure Management Must Become
A Mainstream Part of Utility Operations? ................ 4
1.3 What is the Infrastructure Involved? .................... 5
1.4 Characteristics of an Aging Infrastructure .............. 7
1.5 Power Delivery Systems .................................. 8
1.6 The Business Environment Has Changed ................... 11
1.7 Five Factors Contribute to Aging Infrastructure
Problems ............................................... 14
1.8 Condition, Criticality, and Consequences ............... 34
1.9 Concluding Remarks ..................................... 38
References and Bibliography ................................. 48
2 Power Delivery Systems ...................................... 51
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 51
2.2 T&D System's Mission ................................... 52
2.3 The "Laws of T&D" ...................................... 54
2.4 Levels of the T&D System ............................... 57
2.5 Utility Distribution Equipment ......................... 68
2.6 T&D Costs .............................................. 74
2.7 Types of Delivery System Design ........................ 83
2.8 Smart Grid ............................................. 96
2.9 Conclusion ............................................. 98
References and Bibliography ................................ 100
3 Customer Demand for Power and Reliability of Service ....... 103
3.1 The Two-Q's: Quantity and Quality of Power ........... 103
3.2 Electric Consumer Need for Quantity of Power .......... 104
3.3 Electric Consumer Need for Quality of Power ........... 113
3.4 Two-Q Analysis: Quantity and Quality of Power Are
Both Important Aspects of Consumer Value .............. 129
3.5 Conclusion and Summary ................................ 132
References and Bibliography ................................ 133
4 Power System Reliability and Reliability of Service ........ 135
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 135
4.2 Outages Cause Interruptions ........................... 137
4.3 Reliability Indices ................................... 141
4.4 Reliability and Contingency Criteria for Planning ..... 146
4.5 Cost Is Usually the Major Consideration ............... 151
4.6 Two-Q Analysis of Power Systems ....................... 155
4.7 Conclusion and Summary ................................ 157
References and Bibiliography ............................... 158
5 Cost and Economic Evaluation ............................... 161
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 161
5.2 Costs ................................................. 162
5.3 Time Value of Money ................................... 165
5.4 Decision Bases and Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation ...... 181
5.5 Budget-Constrained Planning: Marginal Benefit vs.
Cost Analysis ......................................... 182
5.6 Asset Management and Pareto Analysis .................. 195
5.7 Conclusion ............................................ 200
References and Bibliography ................................ 201
6 Equipment Inspection, Testing, and Diagnostics ............. 203
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 203
6.2 Inspection, Testing, and Diagnostic Evaluation ........ 203
6.3 Equipment Testing and Diagnosis Methods ............... 213
6.4 Tests and Diagnosis of Insulating Oil ................. 221
6.5 On-Line and Real-Time Monitoring and Testing .......... 229
6.5 Summary and Final Comments ............................ 231
References ................................................. 232
7 Aging Equipment and Its Impacts ............................ 233
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 233
7.2 Equipment Aging ....................................... 234
7.3 Equipment Failure Rate Increases with Age ............. 249
7.4 Impact of Escalating Failure Rates .................... 256
7.5 Summary of Key Points ................................. 262
References ................................................. 263
8 Obsolete System Structures ................................. 265
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 265
8.2 Obsolete Systems Layouts .............................. 266
8.3 Impacts on the Sub-transmission - Substation Level .... 272
8.4 Feeder System Impacts ................................. 278
8.5 "Fixes" For Outdated System Structures ................ 292
8.6 Summary of Key Points ................................. 295
References and Bibliography ................................ 296
9 Traditional Reliability Engineering Tools and Their
Limitations ................................................ 297
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 297
9.2 Contingency-Based Planning Methods .................... 298
9.3 Limitations of N-l Methodology ........................ 304
9.4 Other Planning Related Concerns ....................... 317
9.5 Summary and Conclusion ................................ 326
References and Bibliography ................................ 330
10 Primary Distribution Planning and Engineering Interactions . 331
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 331
10.2 Distribution Planning and the Perceived Role of
Distribution .......................................... 332
10.3 Flexibility and Effectiveness in Feeder Level
Planning .............................................. 342
10.4 Smart Distribution Systems ............................ 355
10.5 Conclusion ............................................ 333
References and Bibliography ................................ 360
11 Equipment Condition Assessment ............................. 361
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 361
11.2 What Does "Condition" Mean? ........................... 362
11.3 Analysis, Modeling, and Prediction .................... 367
11.4 Power Transformers .................................... 374
11.5 Switchgear and Circuit Breakers ....................... 381
11.6 Underground Equipment and Cables ...................... 384
11.7 Overhead Lines and Associated Equipment ............... 387
11.8 Service Transformers and Service Circuits ............. 393
11.9 Evaluating and Prioritizing Equipment Condition ....... 394
11.10 Condition Tracking ................................... 403
11.11 Summary and Final Comments ........................... 406
11.1 References and Bibliography ........................... 407
12 Optimization ............................................... 409
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 409
12.2 Prioritizing Inspection, Maintenance, and Service ..... 410
12.3 Reliability Centered Maintenance ...................... 414
12.4 Basic Reliability-Centered Prioritization ............. 418
12.5 Prioritization of the Type of Maintenance ............. 429
12.6 Practical Aspects for Implementation .................. 437
12.7 Extending Reliability-Centered Prioritization and
Optimization to Other Operations Functions ............ 445
12.8 Optimization .......................................... 450
12.9 Conclusion and Recommendations ........................ 454
References and Bibliography ................................ 459
13 Planning Methods for Aging T&D Infrastructures ............. 457
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 457
13.2 Planning: Finding the Best Alternative ................ 460
13.3 Short-and Long-Range Planning ......................... 470
13.4 The T&D Planning Process .............................. 480
13.5 The Systems Approach .................................. 500
13.6 Summary of Planning in an Aging T&D Infrastructure .... 504
References and Bibliography ................................ 506
14 Reliability Can Be Planned and Engineered .................. 507
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 507
14.2 Reliability Can Be Engineered ......................... 510
14.3 Methods for Distribution System Reliability
Assessment ............................................ 514
14.4 Application of Analytical Simulation for Detailed
Reliability Assessment ................................ 518
14.5 Use of a Hybrid Analytical Solution ................... 524
14.6 Conclusion and Key Points ............................. 532
References and Bibliography ................................ 533
15 Six Aging Infrastructure Management Stories ................ 537
15.1 Introduction .......................................... 537
15.2 Four Philosophies of Ownership ........................ 538
15.3 Comparing the Four Ownership Philosophies ............. 563
15.4 Organizational culture ................................ 567
15.5 Six Cases: "Success" from Six Different Perspectives .. 574
15.5.1 Big States Electric - Asset Management ......... 574
15.5.2 Mid-State Electric - Reliability-Centered
Maintenance .................................... 579
15.5.3 International Bulk Petroleum - Buy, Burn, and
Bash ........................................... 583
15.5.4 Big State University System - Standards Based .. 586
15.5.5 Third-World Orphan Rescue Foundation -
Uniquely Standards Based ....................... 589
15.5.6 Huey Longwaites International Airport - Buy,
Burn, and Bash ................................. 594
15.6 Conclusion ............................................ 596
16 Managing an Aging Infrastructure ........................... 599
16.1 Introduction .......................................... 599
16.2 An Inauspicious Beginning ............................. 600
16.3 Overview of Approach .................................. 603
16.4 The Data Chase ........................................ 604
16.5 Building the Historical Model of Pole Ownership ....... 612
16.6 Building the Predictive Model ......................... 623
16.7 What the Model Says About the Future .................. 632
16.8 Projections of Pole-Related Costs and Performance ..... 638
16.9 Finding the Bad Poles ................................. 648
16.10 Pole Replacement Merit and Economics ................. 658
16.11 Options for Pole Replacement Programs ................ 667
16.12 CL&P's Plan for Dealing with Aging Wooden
Distribution Poles ................................... 678
17 Guidelines and Recommendations ............................. 689
17.1 Introduction .......................................... 689
17.2 Five Interrelated Factors ............................. 689
17.3 Results-Driven Management (RDM) ....................... 692
17.4 Steps to Mitigate Aging Infrastructure Effects ........ 695
17.5 The Aging Infrastructure Management Program Itself .... 705
Bibliography ............................................... 714
Appendix A - Notes on a Spreadsheet-Based Model for Aging
Trends
A.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
A.2 The Concept: Incrementing an Age Distribution ........... 3
A.3 Multi-Sheet Structure of a More Practical Model ......... 7
A.4 Fetting and Calibrating a Model ......................... 9
A.5 Real World Data Situations: Getting A Solution ......... 14
A.6 Comments on Application ................................ 19
Reference ................................................... 21
Appendix В - Sustainable Point Analysis
B.l Introduction ............................................. 1
B.2 Elements of Aging Infrastructure Analysis ................ 4
B.3 Quantitative Examples .................................... 7
B.4 Metrics for Measuring Aging Infrastructures ............. 24
B.5 Effect of Different Failure Rate Curve Shapes ........... 31
B.6 Reading Distributions ................................... 36
8.7 Applying Economic Analysis B.8 Summary of Key Points .... 42
Index .......................................................... 46
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