Preface ........................................................ xi
Author ....................................................... xiii
Chapter 1 Conventional Refining of Crude Oils .................. 1
1.1 Properties and Compositions of Crude Oils .................. 1
1.2 Properties and Compositions of Petroleum Fractions ......... 4
1.3 Solvent Refining of Lube Oils ............................. 11
1.4 Processing of Cylinder Oils and Bright Stocks ............. 20
1.5 Composition of Wax Products ............................... 24
References ..................................................... 32
Chapter 2 Nonconventional Processing of Base Stocks ........... 35
2.1 Hydrofinishing and Hydrotreatment ......................... 35
2.2 Hydrorefining of White Oils ............................... 40
2.3 Hydrocracking Process ..................................... 44
2.4 Catalytic Dewaxing ........................................ 50
2.5 Hydroisomerization of Slack Wax ........................... 55
References ..................................................... 61
Chapter 3 Low-Temperature Fluidity of Base Stocks ............. 63
3.1 Effect of Isomerization and Esterification on Melting
Points of Molecules ....................................... 63
3.2 Effects of Crude Oils and Dewaxing on Pour Points of
Base Stocks ............................................... 66
3.3 Brookfield Viscosities and Cold Cranking Stimulator
Viscosities of Base Stocks ................................ 71
3.4 Use of Pour Point Depressants and VI Improvers ............ 75
3.5 Processing Effect ......................................... 81
References ..................................................... 87
Chapter 4 Oxidation Stabilities of Base Stocks ................ 89
4.1 Oxidation By-Products ..................................... 89
4.2 Effect of Hydroprocessing ................................. 96
4.3 Performance of Antioxidants in Different Base Stocks ..... 105
4.4 Antioxidants' Synergism .................................. 111
References .................................................... 116
Chapter 5 Interfacial Properties of Base Stocks .............. 119
5.1 Foaming .................................................. 119
5.1.1 Viscosity Effect .................................. 119
5.1.2 Foam Inhibition ................................... 126
5.2 Air Entrainment .......................................... 135
5.3 Stability of Oil/Water Interface ......................... 140
5.4 Metal Surface Protection ................................. 147
5.4.1 Rust Inhibition ................................... 147
5.4.2 Corrosion Inhibition .............................. 154
5.4.3 Wear Prevention ................................... 159
References .................................................... 164
Chapter 6 Lubricant Formulation .............................. 167
6.1 Industrial and Automotive Lubricants ..................... 167
6.2 Base Stock Selection ..................................... 174
6.3 Use of Synthetic Fluids .................................. 181
6.4 Additive Selection ....................................... 184
6.5 Use of Surfactants ....................................... 190
References .................................................... 197
Chapter 7 Effects of Additives on Surface Activities of
Turbine Oils .................................................. 201
7.1 Base Stock and Additive Performance Requirements ......... 201
7.2 Foam Inhibition and Air Entrainment ...................... 204
7.3 Rust Prevention and Demulsibility ........................ 208
7.4 Effect of Demulsifier on Foaming ......................... 211
7.5 Oxidation Resistance ..................................... 212
References .................................................... 221
Chapter 8 Effects of Base Stocks on Surface Activities of
Hydraulic Oils ................................................ 223
8.1 Base Stock and Additive Performance Requirements ......... 223
8.2 Solvency Effect of Naphthenic Oils ....................... 227
8.3 Wear Prevention and Oxidation Resistance of Paraffinic
Oils ..................................................... 233
8.4 Performance of Synthetic Fluids .......................... 236
8.5 Use of Biodegradable Oils ................................ 242
References .................................................... 245
Chapter 9 Surface Activity of Engine Oils .................... 247
9.1 Base Stock and Additive Performance Requirements ......... 247
9.2 Pour Point Depression .................................... 254
9.3 High-Temperature Foaming ................................. 260
9.4 Air Entrainment .......................................... 266
9.5 Oxidation Resistance and Wear ............................ 268
References .................................................... 276
Chapter 10 Additive Interactions .............................. 279
10.1 Rust Inhibitors Synergism ................................ 279
10.2 "Thickening" Effect of VI Improvers ...................... 282
10.3 Formulation of Industrial Gear Oils ...................... 286
10.4 Oxidation Resistance and Surface Activities of
Food-Grade Lubricants .................................... 291
10.5 Additive Antagonism and Incompatibility .................. 296
References .................................................... 299
Chapter 11 Scope and Limits of Lubricant Testing .............. 301
11.1 Fresh Oil Testing of Industrial Oils ..................... 301
11.2 Properties of Used Turbine Oils .......................... 307
11.3 Fresh Oil Testing of Engine Oils ......................... 311
11.4 Water Contamination ...................................... 318
References .................................................... 323
Chapter 12 Lubricant Storage .................................. 327
12.1 Lubricant Life ........................................... 327
12.2 Colloidal Stability ...................................... 330
12.3 Low-Temperature Stability ................................ 333
12.4 Hot-Temperature Stability ................................ 335
References .................................................... 339
Index ......................................................... 341
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