Preface ........................................................ IX
Chapter 1 Physical Principles of Nanostructures and
Nanomaterials ................................................... 1
1.1 Physical Properties of Nanoscale Structures ................ 1
1.1.1 Energy Subbands and Density of States in Nanoscale
Structures .......................................... 2
1.1.2 Electron Transport in a Two-Dimensional Electron
Gas ................................................. 6
1.1.3 Resistance of a Ballistic Conductor ................. 8
1.1.4 Landauer Formula .................................... 9
1.1.5 Transmission Probability Calculation ............... 11
1.1.6 Electron Tunneling ................................. 13
1.1.7 Resonant Tunneling Devices ......................... 16
1.1.8 Coupled Nanoscale Structures and Superlattices ..... 18
1.1.9 Coulomb Blockade ................................... 20
1.1.10 Quantization of Thermal Conductance in Ballistic
Nanostructures ..................................... 23
1.1.11 Nonballistic Electron Propagation .................. 25
1.2 Nanotechnologies .......................................... 29
1.2.1 Deposition Techniques for Nanoscale Devices ........ 29
1.2.2 Nanolithography .................................... 31
1.2.3 Self-Assembly Techniques ........................... 39
1.3 Nanomaterials ............................................. 42
1.3.1 Nanoparticles ...................................... 42
1.3.2 Nanowires .......................................... 44
1.3.3 Nanomagnetic Materials ............................. 49
1.3.4 Nanostructured Surfaces ............................ 51
References ................................................ 51
Chapter 2 Instrumentation for Nanoscale Electronics ........... 55
2.1 MEMS and NEMS ............................................. 55
2.1.1 Micro and Nanocantilevers .......................... 55
2.1.2 Frequency Analysis of Micro and Nano cantilevers ... 65
2.1.3 Quality Factor and Noise of Cantilevers ............ 69
2.1.4 Magnetic and Optical Actuation of Cantilevers ...... 75
2.2 Scanning Probe Instrumentation for Nanoelectronics ........ 77
2.2.1 The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) .................. 79
2.2.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy ...................... 95
2.2.3 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy ............. 99
References ............................................... 102
Chapter 3 Carbon Nanotube Devices ............................ 107
3.1 Physical Properties ...................................... 107
3.1.1 Band Structure and Band Modulation ................ 107
3.1.2 Electrical Properties of CNTs ..................... 121
3.2 CNT-Based Electronic Devices ............................. 129
3.2.1 The CNT Transistor ................................ 130
3.2.2 CNT-Based Field Emission Devices .................. 143
3.2.3 Junctions, Heterojunctions, and Quantum Confined
Structures Based on Carbon Nanotubes .............. 146
3.2.4 Microwave Devices Based on Carbon Nanotubes ....... 152
3.2.5 CNT-Based NEMS .................................... 161
References ............................................... 165
Chapter 4 Spintronics ........................................ 171
4.1 Physical Principles of Spintronic Devices ................ 172
4.1.1 Spin Relaxation Mechanisms ........................ 174
4.1.2 Spin Injection .................................... 177
4.1.3 Spin Detection .................................... 184
4.2 Spintronic Devices ....................................... 188
4.2.1 Spin Filters ...................................... 189
4.2.2 Spin Valves ....................................... 199
4.2.3 Spin Pumps ........................................ 203
4.2.4 Spin Diodes ....................................... 204
4.2.5 Spin Transistors .................................. 206
4.2.6 Spin-Based Optoelectronic Devices ................. 219
4.2.7 Spintronic Computation ............................ 223
References ............................................... 233
Chapter 5 Electronic Devices Based on Nanostructures ......... 241
5.1 Nanoscale FET Transistors ................................ 241
5.1.1 Downscaling the MOSFET Dimensions Lis up to Few
nm ................................................ 241
5.1.2 The Ballistic FET ................................. 251
5.2 Mesoscopic Devices at Room Temperature ................... 268
5.3 Resonant Tunneling Devices and Circuits .................. 274
5.4 Single Electron Transistors and Related Devices .......... 284
References ............................................... 297
Chapter 6 Optoelectronic Devices Based on Semiconductor
Nanostructures ................................................ 301
6.1 Optoelectronic Devices Based on Nanowires ................ 302
6.1.1 Optoelectronic Devices Basedon Carbon Nanotubes ... 302
6.1.2 Optoelectronic Devices Based on Semiconducting,
Metallic Nanowires, and Nanostructured Surfaces ... 322
6.2 Optoelectronic Devices Based on Nanoparticles ............ 335
6.2.1 Optoelectronic Devices Containing Nanoparticles ... 335
6.2.2 Plasmonic Optical Devices ......................... 338
6.2.3 Random Lasers ..................................... 341
References ............................................... 345
Chapter 7 Molecular and Biological Nanodevices ............... 351
7.1 Characterization and Manipulation of Molecular Systems ... 352
7.1.1 Electrical Conduction of Molecules ................ 353
7.1.2 Measurement Techniques for Molecular Conduction ... 358
7.1.3 Engineering Electrical Properties of Molecules .... 360
7.1.4 Manipulation of Single Molecules .................. 363
7.2 Mechanical Devices Based on Molecular Systems ............ 365
7.2.1 Molecular Motors and Quantum Ratchets ............. 365
7.2.2 Molecular Nanoactuators ........................... 375
7.3 Molecular Nanoelectronics ................................ 380
7.3.1 Molecular Electronic Devices ...................... 380
7.3.2 Molecular Architectures for Nanoelectronics ....... 390
7.4 Molecular-Based Optic and Optoelectronic Devices ......... 394
7.5 Molecular Computing Devices .............................. 398
7.6 Integration of Bio- and Nanodevices ...................... 407
References ............................................... 409
List of Acronyms .............................................. 417
About the Authors ............................................. 421
Index ......................................................... 423
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