List of contributors ........................................ ix
Preface and acknowledgements ................................ xi
List of abbreviations ....................................... xv
Part 1 Technology
1 Charged particle imaging in chemical dynamics: an
historical perspective ....................................... 3
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 3
1.2 The need for angular information: vector correlations ... 4
1.3 The Doppler effect ...................................... 6
1.4 The ESDIAD inspiration ................................. 10
1.5 Product imaging ........................................ 11
1.6 Electron imaging ....................................... 14
1.7 Coincidence measurements ............................... 15
1.8 Conclusions ............................................ 16
Acknowledgements ............................................ 16
References .................................................. 16
2 Velocity map imaging: applications in molecular dynamics
and experimental aspects .................................... 20
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 20
2.2 Newton spheres: their concept, creation and analysis ... 21
2.3 Images compared to time-of-flight methods .............. 31
2.4 Velocity map imaging of photodissociation .............. 40
2.5 The easy experiment .................................... 62
References ............................................. 64
3 Reconstruction methods ...................................... 65
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 65
3.2 Symmetric distributions ................................ 66
3.3 Abel and Hankel inversion methods ...................... 68
3.4 Back-projection and onion peeling methods .............. 71
3.5 Iterative inversion .................................... 77
3.6 Basis set expansion or BASEX method .................... 79
3.7 Algorithm evaluation ................................... 82
3.8 Test results ........................................... 86
3.9 Forward convolution ................................... 106
3.10 Conclusions and outlook ............................... 109
3.11 Appendix .............................................. 110
Acknowledgements ........................................... 111
References ................................................. 112
4 Orientation and alignment .................................. 113
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 113
4.2 Formalism ............................................. 114
4.3 Interpretation ........................................ 117
4.4 Conclusions ........................................... 120
References ................................................. 120
5 Time resolved cameras ...................................... 122
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 122
5.2 3-D imaging scheme .................................... 123
5.3 Experimental setup .................................... 128
5.4 Detector time calibration ............................. 129
5.5 Multi-particle detection .............................. 132
5.6 Summary 135 Acknowledgements ......................... 136
References ................................................. 136
6 3-D Imaging technique - observation of the three-
dimensional product momentum distribution .................. 138
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 138
6.2 Experimental method ................................... 140
6.3 Applications of the delay-line detector ............... 145
6.4 Classic photofragment imaging: photolysis of Cl2 ...... 150
6.5 Beyond the classic application: modern developments ... 155
6.6 The road ahead and concluding remarks ................. 162
Acknowledgements ........................................... 163
References ................................................. 163
7 Photoelectron and photoion imaging with femtosecond
pump-probe time clocking ................................... 165
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 165
7.2 Femtosecond lasers .................................... 165
7.3 Time resolved photoelectron imaging: a new probe
of femtochemistry ..................................... 171
7.4 Time-resolved photoion imaging ........................ 182
7.5 Conclusions ........................................... 184
Acknowledgements ........................................... 185
References ................................................. 185
Part 2 Applications
8 Kinematically complete imaging of molecular many-body
fragmentation: coincident multi-particle detection and
analysis ................................................... 189
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 189
8.2 Experimental .......................................... 191
8.3 The H3 molecule ....................................... 195
8.4 Imaging two-body decay processes ...................... 197
8.5 Imaging three-body decay processes .................... 200
8.6 Presentation of high-dimensional imaging data ......... 202
8.7 Discussion of experimental data ....................... 203
8.8 Summary 205 Acknowledgements 205 References ......... 206
9 Collisions of HCl with molecular colliders at ~ 540 cm-1
collision energy ........................................... 208
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 208
9.2 Experimental .......................................... 210
9.3 Comparison of images of HCl + molecular colliders
with HCl + Ar images .................................. 211
9.4 Differential cross-sections from ion images of
HCl + N2(Δj < 5) and HCl + CH4(Δj < 4) ................ 212
9.5 Extracting DCSs from HCl(jHCI = 5) and N2 ............. 214
9.6 Conclusions ........................................... 216
Acknowledgement ............................................ 216
References ................................................. 216
10 Measurement of state-resolved differential cross-sections
of bimolecular reactions using single beam velocity
mapping .................................................... 217
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 217
10.2 Experimental .......................................... 219
10.3 Results and discussion ................................ 220
10.4 Conclusions ........................................... 225
Acknowledgements ........................................... 226
References ................................................. 226
11 Slice imaging: a new approach to ion imaging and velocity
mapping .................................................... 227
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 227
11.2 Basic principles ...................................... 228
11.3 Experimental .......................................... 232
11.4 Results ............................................... 235
11.5 Conclusions ........................................... 243
Acknowledgements ........................................... 244
References ................................................. 244
Index ...................................................... 247
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