1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 What is Plasma Turbulence? .............................. 1
1.2 Historical Development .................................. 2
1.2.1 View from Turbulence Research .................... 2
1.2.2 View from Space Plasma Research .................. 4
References ................................................... 9
2 Theoretical Background ...................................... 11
2.1 Elements of Plasma Physics ............................. 11
2.1.1 Origin and Properties of Plasmas ................ 11
2.1.2 Magnetohydrodynamics ............................ 15
2.1.3 Fundamental Plasma Processes .................... 22
2.2 Elements of Turbulence Theories ........................ 28
2.2.1 Fluid Turbulence ................................ 28
2.2.2 Plasma Turbulence ............................... 36
References .................................................. 37
3 Multi-Spacecraft Measurements ............................... 39
3.1 The Cluster Mission .................................... 39
3.1.1 Need for Multi-Point Measurements ............... 39
3.1.2 Spatial Aliasing ................................ 43
3.2 Analysis Methods ....................................... 45
3.2.1 Single-Point Methods ............................ 45
3.2.2 Eigenvalue-Based Methods ........................ 58
References .................................................. 63
4 Turbulence Properties in Space Plasma ....................... 67
4.1 Solar Wind Tubulence .................................. 67
4.1.1 Earlier Observations ............................ 67
4.1.2 Three-dimensional Energy Spectrum ............... 69
4.1.3 Dispersion Relation ............................. 72
4.2 Turbulence Across the Bow Shock ........................ 74
4.2.1 Foreshock and Magnetosheath ..................... 74
4.2.2 Energy Spectra and Anisotropy ................... 76
4.2.3 Dispersion Relation ............................. 80
4.2.4 Propagation Pattern ............................. 81
4.3 Summary ................................................ 83
References .................................................. 84
5 Impacts on Related Subjects ................................. 87
5.1 Plasma Physics and Turbulence Theories ................. 87
5.1.1 Wave-Wave Interactions .......................... 87
5.1.2 Wave-Particle Interactions ...................... 89
5.1.3 Turbulence Interaction with Shock Waves ......... 90
5.2 Solar System Science and Astrophysics .................. 91
5.2.1 Lessons From Solar Wind Turbulence .............. 91
5.2.2 Turbulence in Other Astrophysical Systems ....... 91
5.3 Space Weather and Earth Science ........................ 94
5.3.1 Geomagnetic Storms and Substorms ................ 94
5.3.2 Modulation of Cosmic Ray Flux ................... 96
References .................................................. 99
Index ......................................................... 101
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