Preface ......................................................... v
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1
1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of ADN .................... 2
1.2 Reactivity and Different Forms of Dinitramide .............. 2
1.3 Stability of ADN ........................................... 4
1.4 Light Sensitivity of ADN ................................... 5
1.5 Sonochemistry of ADN ....................................... 5
1.6 Radiolysis of Dinitramide .................................. 6
1.7 Biotransformation of ADN ................................... 7
1.8 Toxicity of ADN ............................................ 7
References ...................................................... 7
Chapter 2 SYNTHESIS OF AMMONIUM DINITRAMIDE (ADN) ............. 11
2.1 Synthesis of ADN from Nitramide ........................... 11
2.2 Synthesis of ADN from Ammonium Carbamate .................. 12
2.3 Synthesis of ADN from Ammonia ............................. 12
2.4 Synthesis of ADN from N,N-dinitro-β-aminopropionitrile .... 13
2.5 Synthesis of ADN from N,N-dinitro-β-alanine Methyl Ester .. 13
2.6 Synthesis of ADN from N,N-dinitro Derivatives of Organic
Amides .................................................... 14
2.7 Synthesis of ADN from Alkyl Carbamate ..................... 15
2.8 Synthesis of ADN from 2-(trimethylsilyl-ethyl)-l-
isocyanate ................................................ 16
2.9 Synthesis of ADN from Urea ................................ 16
2.10 Synthesis of ADN from bis(2-cyanoethyl) Amine ............. 17
2.11 Synthesis of ADN from Ethyl or Methyl Carbamate ........... 18
2.12 Synthesis of ADN from Diethyl-4-azaheptanedioate .......... 18
2.13 Synthesis of ADN from Ammonium Sulfamate .................. 18
2.14 Synthesis of ADN from Potassium Sulfamate Using
Cyanoguanidine or Guanylurea as Neutralising Agents ....... 19
2.15 Synthesis of ADN by Catalytic Nitration of Ammonium
Sulfamate ................................................. 20
References ..................................................... 22
Chapter 3 SYNTHESIS OF OTHER DINITRAMIDE SALTS ................ 25
3.1 General Methods of Preparation ............................ 25
3.2 Metal Dinitramide Salts ................................... 27
3.3 Organic Dinitramide Salts ................................. 28
3.4 Inorganic Dinitramide Salts ............................... 30
3.5 Metal Complexes of Dinitramide ............................ 30
References ..................................................... 32
Chapter 4 CHARACTERISATION OF ADN ............................. 35
4.1 Spectral Methods ......................................... 35
4.1.1 UV Spectroscopy .................................... 35
4.1.2 IR Spectroscopy .................................... 36
4.1.3 Raman Spectroscopy ................................. 37
4.1.4 NMR Spectroscopy ................................... 39
4.1.5 Mass Spectroscopy .................................. 39
4.2 Chromatographic Methods ................................... 42
4.2.1 Ion Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis .... 42
4.2.2 HPLC Method ......................................... 44
4.3 Thermal Methods ........................................... 44
4.3.1 DSC Method .......................................... 45
4.3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) .................... 45
4.3.3 Microcalorimetry .................................... 47
4.4 Other Methods of Characterisation ......................... 48
4.4.1 X-ray Diffraction .................................. 49
4.4.2 T-Jump/FT-IR Spectroscopy ........................... 50
4.4.3 Gas Phase Study of Dinitramide ...................... 50
4.4.4 Theoretical Methods ................................. 50
References ..................................................... 51
Chapter 5 CRYSTALLISATION AND PRILLING OF ADN ................. 53
5.1 Prilling Process .......................................... 53
5.1.1 Prilling Tower Method .............................. 54
5.1.2 Emulsion (Melt) Crystallisation .................... 56
5.1.3 Spray Prilling Process ............................. 61
5.2 Thermal Initiation of ADN Crystals and Prills ............. 62
References ..................................................... 63
Chapter 6 COATING AND MICROENCAPSULATION OF ADN ............... 65
6.1 Microencapsulation via Polycondensation or Addition ....... 65
6.2 Coating of ADN Using Moving Bulk Solid Technique .......... 66
6.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Aided Coating of ADN ......... 67
References ..................................................... 68
Chapter 7 STABILITY AND THERMAL STABILISATION OF ADN .......... 69
7.1 Stability of ADN .......................................... 69
7.1.1 Reactions Steps for the Decomposition of ADN ........ 70
7.2 Stabilisation of ADN ...................................... 71
7.3 ummary of the Stabilisation of ADN ........................ 82
References ..................................................... 82
Chapter 8 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF ADN ........................ 85
8.1 Phenomenological Aspects of ADN Decomposition ............. 85
8.2 Products of Thermal Decomposition ......................... 91
8.3 Kinetics and Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition ........... 93
References ..................................................... 97
Chapter 9 SENSITIVITY, COMPATIBILITY AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR
OF ADN ......................................................... 99
9.1 Friction Sensitivity ...................................... 99
9.2 Impact Sensitivity ....................................... 100
9.3 Electrostatic Sensitivity of ADN ......................... 101
9.4 Detonation Velocity and Detonation Pressure of ADN ....... 102
9.5 Sensitivity of ADN/Binder Mixtures ....................... 103
9.6 Compatibility of ADN ..................................... 104
References .................................................... 105
Chapter 10 STUDIES ON COMBUSTION OF ADN ....................... 107
10.1 Flame Structure of a Solid Propellant .................... 107
10.2 Combustion Characteristics of ADN ........................ 108
10.2.1 Burning Rate of ADN ............................... 110
10.2.2 Flame Structure of ADN ............................ 111
10.2.3 Degradation of ADN in the Condensed Phase ......... 113
10.3 Combustion Studies of ADN with Additives ................. 115
10.3.1 Burning Rate of ADN with Additives ................ 115
10.3.2 Flame Structure of ADN with Additives ............. 118
10.3.3 Thermal Degradation of ADN with Additives ......... 119
10.4 Modeling the Combustion of ADN ........................... 120
10.5 Combustion Instability ................................... 121
References .................................................... 122
Chapter 11 APPLICATIONS OF ADN AND DINITRAMIDE SALTS .......... 127
11.1 Low Signature Rocket Propulsion .......................... 127
11.2 High Performance Underwater Explosive .................... 129
11.3 Liquid Monopropellants ................................... 129
11.4 Explosive Compositions ................................... 131
11.5 Phase-stabiliser in Ammonium Nitrate ..................... 131
11.6 Reagent in Chemical Synthesis ............................ 132
11.7 Biological Applications .................................. 133
11.8 Other Applications ....................................... 134
References .................................................... 134
Chapter 12 PROPELLANT FORMULATIONS BASED ON ADN ............... 137
12.1 Energetic Binders ........................................ 137
12.2 Performance of ADN Based Solid Rocket Propellants ........ 138
12.3 Composite Propellants Based on ADN ....................... 140
12.4 Formulations of ADN Based Liquid Monopropellants ......... 142
References .................................................... 144
Chapter 13 SOLID COMPOSITE PROPELLANTS AND INGREDIENTS -
A COMPARISON .................................................. 147
13.1 Basic Components of a Solid Propellant .................. 147
13.1.1 Oxidizers ......................................... 148
13.1.2 Binders ........................................... 149
13.1.3 Metal Fuels ....................................... 149
13.1.4 Other Additives ................................... 150
13.2 Specific Impulse of Monopropellants ...................... 151
13.3 Formulation and Performance of Composite Propellants ..... 152
References .................................................... 154
Appendix A: List of Abbreviations Used ....................... 157
Appendix B: List of Figures .................................. 161
Appendix С: List of Tables ................................... 163
Index ......................................................... 165
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