 | Luo F.L. Advanced DC/AC inverters: applications in renewable energy / F.L.Luo, H.Ye. - Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2013. - 308 p.: ill. - (Power electronics, electrical engineering, energy, and nanotechnology series). - Ind.: p.303-308. - ISBN 978-1-4665-1135-4
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Preface ........................................................ xi
Authors ...................................................... xiii
1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.1 Symbols and Factors Used in This Book ...................... 1
1.1.1 Symbols Used in Power Systems ....................... 1
1.1.2 Factors and Symbols Used in AC Power Systems ........ 5
1.1.3 Factors and Symbols Used in DC Power Systems ........ 8
1.2 FFT—Fast Fourier Transform ................................. 9
1.2.1 Central Symmetrical Periodical Function ............ 10
1.2.2 Axial (Mirror) Symmetrical Periodical Function ..... 10
1.2.3 Nonperiodic Function ............................... 10
1.2.4 Useful Formulae and Data ........................... 11
1.2.5 Examples of FFT Applications ....................... 12
1.3 DC/AC Inverters ........................................... 17
1.3.1 Categorizing Existing Inverters .................... 18
1.3.2 Updated Circuits ................................... 18
1.3.3 Soft Switching Methods ............................. 19
References ................................................ 19
2 Pulse Width-Modulated DC/AC Inverters ..................... 21
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 21
2.2 Parameters Used in PWM Operation .......................... 23
2.2.1 Modulation Ratios .................................. 23
2.2.1.1 Linear Range (mα ≤ 1.0) ................... 24
2.2.1.2 Over Modulation (1.0 < mα ≤ 3.24) ......... 24
2.2.1.3 Square Wave (Sufficiently Large mα >
3.24) ..................................... 25
2.2.1.4 Small mƒ(mƒ ≤ 21) ......................... 26
2.2.1.5 Large mƒ(mƒ > 21) ......................... 27
2.2.2 Harmonic Parameters ................................ 28
2.3 Typical PWM Inverters ..................................... 29
2.3.1 Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) ...................... 29
2.3.2 Current Source Inverter (CSI) ...................... 29
2.3.3 Impedance Source Inverter (z-Source Inverter -
ZSI) ............................................... 30
2.3.4 Circuits of DC/AC Inverters ........................ 30
References ................................................ 30
3 Voltage Source Inverters .................................. 31
3.1 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverter ...................... 31
3.1.1 Single-Phase Half-Bridge VSI ....................... 31
3.1.2 Single-Phase Full-Bridge VSI ....................... 34
3.2 Three-Phase Full-Bridge VSI ............................... 38
3.3 Vector Analysis and Determination of mα ................... 40
3.3.1 Vector Analysis .................................... 40
3.3.2 mα Calculation ..................................... 41
3.3.3 mα Calculation with L-C Filter ..................... 43
3.3.4 Some Waveforms ..................................... 43
3.4 Multistage PWM Inverter ................................... 44
3.4.1 Unipolar PWM VSI ................................... 45
3.4.2 Multicell PWM VSI .................................. 47
3.4.3 Multilevel PWM Inverter ............................ 47
References ................................................ 52
4 Current Source Inverters .................................. 53
4.1 Three-Phase Full-Bridge Current Source Inverter ........... 53
4.2 Boost-Type CSI ............................................ 53
4.2.1 Negative Polarity Input Voltage .................... 53
4.2.2 Positive Polarity Input Voltage .................... 56
4.3 CSI with L-C Filter ....................................... 57
References ................................................ 60
5 Impedance Source Inverters ................................ 61
5.1 Comparison with VSI and CSI ............................... 61
5.2 Equivalent Circuit and Operation .......................... 64
5.3 Circuit Analysis and Calculations ......................... 67
5.4 Simulation and Experimental Results ....................... 69
References ................................................ 72
6 Quasi-Impedance Source Inverters .......................... 73
6.1 Introduction to ZSI and Basic Topologies .................. 74
6.2 Extended Boost qZSI Topologies ............................ 74
6.2.1 Diode-Assisted Extended Boost qZSI Topologies ...... 76
6.2.2 Capacitor-Assisted Extended Boost qZSI Topologies .. 79
6.2.3 Simulation Results ................................. 81
References ................................................ 86
7 Soft-Switching DC/AC Inverters ............................ 87
7.1 Notched DC Link Inverters for Brushless DC Motor Drive .... 87
7.1.1 Resonant Circuit ................................... 89
7.1.2 Design Considerations .............................. 94
7.1.3 Control Scheme ..................................... 95
7.1.3.1 Non-PWM Operation ......................... 96
7.1.3.2 PWM Operation ............................. 97
7.1.4 Simulation and Experimental Results ................ 99
7.2 Resonant Pole Inverter ................................... 103
7.2.1 Topology of Resonant Pole Inverter ................ 104
7.2.2 Operation Principle ............................... 106
7.2.3 Design Considerations ............................. 111
7.2.4 Simulation and Experimental Results ............... 114
7.3 Transformer-Based Resonant DC Link Inverter .............. 118
7.3.1 Resonant Circuit .................................. 119
7.3.2 Design Considerations ............................. 126
7.3.3 Control Scheme .................................... 129
7.3.3.1 Full Duty Cycle Operation ................ 130
7.3.3.2 PWM Operation ............................ 131
7.3.4 Simulation and Experimental Results ............... 131
References ............................................... 135
8 Multilevel DC/AC Inverters ............................... 137
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 137
8.2 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverters ....................... 140
8.3 Capacitor-Clamped Multilevel Inverters (Flying
Capacitor Inverters) ..................................... 145
8.4 Multilevel Inverters Using H-Bridges (HBs) Converters .... 147
8.4.1 Cascaded Equal Voltage Multilevel Inverters
(CEMI) ............................................ 149
8.4.2 Binary Hybrid Multilevel Inverter (BHMI) .......... 149
8.4.3 Quasi-Linear Multilevel Inverter (QLMI) ........... 150
8.4.4 Trinary Hybrid Multilevel Inverter (THMI) ......... 151
8.5 Other Kinds of Multilevel Inverters ...................... 151
8.5.1 Generalized Multilevel Inverters (GMI) ............ 151
8.5.2 Mixed-Level Multilevel Inverter Topologies ........ 152
8.5.3 Multilevel Inverters by Connection of Three-
Phase Two-Level Inverters ......................... 153
References ............................................... 154
9 Trinary Hybrid Multilevel Inverter (THMI) ................ 155
9.1 Topology and Operation ................................... 155
9.2 Proof of Greatest Number of Output Voltage Levels ........ 159
9.2.1 Theoretical Proof ................................. 159
9.2.2 Comparison of Various Kinds of Multilevel
Inverters ......................................... 160
9.2.3 Modulation Strategies for THMI .................... 161
9.2.3.1 Step Modulation Strategy ................. 162
9.2.3.2 Virtual Stage Modulation Strategy ........ 167
9.2.3.3 Hybrid Modulation Strategy ............... 171
9.2.3.4 Subharmonic PWM Strategies ............... 173
9.2.3.5 Simple Modulation Strategy ............... 173
9.2.4 Regenerative Power ................................ 175
9.2.4.1 Analysis of DC Bus Power Injection ....... 175
9.2.4.2 Regenerative Power in THMI ............... 177
9.2.4.3 Method to Avoid Regenerative Power ....... 179
9.2.4.4 Summary of Regenerative Power in THMI .... 181
9.3 Experimental Results ..................................... 183
9.3.1 Experiment to Verify Step Modulation and Virtual
Stage Modulation .................................. 183
9.3.2 Experiment to Verify New Method to Eliminate
Regenerative Power ................................ 186
9.4 Trinary Hybrid 81-Level Multilevel Inverter .............. 190
9.4.1 Space Vector Modulation ........................... 192
9.4.2 DC Sources of H-Bridges ........................... 196
9.4.3 Motor Controller .................................. 199
9.4.4 Simulation and Experimental Results ............... 200
References ............................................... 205
10 Laddered Multilevel DC/AC Inverters Used in Solar Panel
Energy Systems ........................................... 207
10.1 Introduction ............................................. 207
10.2 Progressions (Series) .................................... 208
10.2.1 Arithmetic Progressions ........................... 208
10.2.1.1 Unit Progression ......................... 209
10.2.1.2 Natural Number Progression ............... 209
10.2.1.3 Odd Number Progression ................... 209
10.2.2 Geometric Progressions ............................ 210
10.2.2.1 Binary Progression ....................... 210
10.2.2.2 Trinary Number Progression ............... 210
10.2.3 New Progressions .................................. 210
10.2.3.1 Luo Progression .......................... 211
10.2.3.2 Ye Progression ........................... 211
10.3 Laddered Multilevel DC/AC Inverters ...................... 212
10.3.1 Special Switches .................................. 212
10.3.1.1 Toggle Switch ............................ 212
10.3.1.2 Change-over Switch ....................... 213
10.3.1.3 Band Switch .............................. 213
10.3.2 General Circuit of Laddered Inverters ............. 214
10.3.3 Linear Laddered Inverters (LLIs) .................. 214
10.3.4 Natural Number Laddered Inverters (NNLIs) ......... 215
10.3.5 Odd Number Laddered Inverters (ONLIs) ............. 216
10.3.6 Binary Laddered Inverters (BLIs) .................. 217
10.3.7 Modified Binary Laddered Inverters (MBLIs) ........ 218
10.3.8 Luo Progression Laddered Inverters (LPLIs) ........ 218
10.3.9 Ye Progression Laddered Inverters (YPLIs) ......... 220
10.3.10 Trinary Laddered Inverters (TLIs) ................ 221
10.4 Comparison of All Laddered Inverters ..................... 221
10.5 Solar Panel Energy Systems > ............................. 223
10.6 Simulation and Experimental Results ...................... 225
References ............................................... 229
11 Super-Lift Converter Multilevel DC/AC Inverters Used in
Solar Panel Energy Systems ............................... 231
11.1 Introduction ............................................. 231
11.2 Super-Lift Converter Used in Multilevel DC/AC Inverters .. 233
11.2.1 Seven-Level SL Inverter ........................... 233
11.2.2 Fifteen-Level SL Inverter ......................... 234
11.2.3 Twenty-One-Level SC Inverter ...................... 235
11.3 Simulation and Experimental Results ................. 238
References ............................................... 242
12 Switched-Capacitor Multilevel DC/AC Inverters in Solar
Panel Energy Systems ..................................... 243
12.1 Introduction ............................................. 243
12.2 Switched Capacitor Used in Multilevel DC/AC Inverters .... 244
12.2.1 Five-Level SC Inverter ............................ 244
12.2.2 Nine-Level SC Inverter ............................ 245
12.2.3 Fifteen-Level SC Inverter ......................... 246
12.2.4 Higher-Level SC Inverter .......................... 247
12.3 Simulation and Experimental Results ...................... 248
References ............................................... 252
13 Switched Inductor Multilevel DC/AC Inverters Used in
Solar Panel Energy Systems ............................... 253
13.1 Introduction ............................................. 253
13.2 Switched Inductor Used in Multilevel DC/AC Inverters ..... 253
13.2.1 Five-Level SI Inverter ............................ 253
13.2.2 Nine-Level SL Inverter ............................ 254
13.2.3 Fifteen-Level SC Inverter ......................... 255
13.3 Simulation and Experimental Results ................. 257
References ............................................... 261
14 Best Switching Angles to Obtain Lowest THD for
Multilevel DC/AC Inverters ............................... 263
14.1 Introduction ............................................. 263
14.2 Methods for Determination of Switching Angle ............. 263
14.2.1 Main Switching Angles ............................. 264
14.2.2 Equal-Phase (EP) Method ........................... 264
14.2.3 Half-Equal-Phase (HEP) Method ..................... 265
14.2.4 Half-Height (HH) Method ........................... 265
14.2.5 Feed-Forward (FF) Method .......................... 265
14.2.6 Comparison of Methods in Each Level ............... 265
14.2.7 Comparison of Levels for Each Method .............. 267
14.2.8 THDs of Different Methods ......................... 267
14.3 Best Switching Angles .................................... 272
14.3.1 Using MATLAB® to Obtain Best Switching Angles ..... 272
14.3.2 Analysis of Results of Best Switching Angles
Calculation ....................................... 272
14.3.3 Output Voltage Waveform for Multilevel Inverters .. 277
References ............................................... 282
15 Design Examples for Wind Turbine and Solar Panel
Energy Systems ........................................... 283
15.1 Introduction ............................................. 283
15.2 Wind Turbine Energy Systems .............................. 285
15.2.1 Technical Features ................................ 285
15.2.2 Design Example for Wind Turbine Power System ...... 288
15.2.2.1 Design Example for Wind Turbine .......... 290
15.2.2.2 Design Example for Converters ............ 293
15.2.2.3 Simulation Results ....................... 293
15.3 Solar Panel Energy Systems ............................... 295
15.3.1 Technical Features ................................ 295
15.3.2 P/O Super-Lift Luo Converter ...................... 296
15.3.3 Closed-Loop Control ............................... 297
15.3.4 PWM Inverter ...................................... 298
15.3.5 System Design ..................................... 299
15.3.6 Simulation Results ................................ 300
References ............................................... 302
Index ......................................................... 303
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