Preface ........................................................ xi
Acknowledgments .............................................. xiii
Author Biographies ............................................. xv
Section I Why Carbon Footprint Analysis and Reduction?
1 Definitions of Carbon Footprint Analysis and Related
Concepts ..................................................... 3
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 3
1.2 Carbon Footprint Analysis ............................... 6
1.3 Greenhouse Gases ........................................ 7
1.4 Global Warming, Climate Change, and Global Change ....... 8
1.5 Life Cycle Assessment and Embedded Carbon ............... 9
1.6 Other Footprints: Water, Nitrogen, Ecological
Footprints ............................................. 14
1.7 Pollution Prevention ................................... 17
1.8 Sustainability and the Triple Bottom Line .............. 18
1.9 Acronyms ............................................... 22
1.10 Units .................................................. 22
References .................................................. 23
2 Benefits of Energy and Greenhouse Gas Reduction and
Minimization ................................................ 25
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 25
2.2 Environmental Benefits ................................. 26
2.3 Economic Benefits ...................................... 29
2.4 Corporate Image Benefits ............................... 30
2.5 Personal and Social Benefits ........................... 31
References .................................................. 31
3 Environmental Laws and Regulations .......................... 33
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 33
3.2 The U.S. Clean Air Act ................................. 33
3.3 The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 ................... 34
3.4 Energy Policy Act of 2005 .............................. 34
3.5 American Clean Energy and Security Act ................. 35
3.6 Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Rule ........... 35
3.7 Kyoto Protocol ......................................... 35
References .................................................. 36
Section II Carbon Footprint Analysis Methods
4 Standards for Carbon Footprint Analysis ..................... 39
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 39
4.2 Product-Based Standards ................................ 39
4.3 Activity-Based Standards ............................... 41
4.4 Iterative Carbon Management Steps ...................... 43
References .................................................. 45
5 GHG Protocol ................................................ 47
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 47
5.2 GHG Protocol Overview .................................. 47
5.3 The GHG Protocol's Overarching Principles .............. 50
5.4 Greenhouse Gases ....................................... 50
5.5 Boundary Setting ....................................... 57
5.6 Organizational Boundary Setting ........................ 58
5.7 Operational Boundary Setting ........................... 59
5.7.1 Scope 1 Emissions ............................... 59
5.7.2 Scope 2 Emissions ............................... 60
5.7.3 Scope 3 Emissions ............................... 63
5.8 Temporal Boundary Setting .............................. 64
References .................................................. 64
6 Metrics and Performance Measurement for Carbon Footprint
Analyses .................................................... 67
6.1 Introduction ........................................... 67
6.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Measurement .................... 67
6.2.1 Absolute Measures ............................... 68
6.2.2 Measures Indexed to Output ...................... 68
6.2.3 Measures Indexed to Input ....................... 69
6.2.4 Measures Indexed to Throughput .................. 69
6.2.5 Measures Indexed to Activity .................... 69
6.3 Business and Financial Measurement ..................... 69
6.4 Customer and Stakeholder Satisfaction Measurements ..... 71
Reference ................................................... 73
7 Energy and Greenhouse Gas Calculators Available on the
Internet .................................................... 75
7.1 Overview of Calculators and Comparisons ................ 75
7.2 American Forests ....................................... 75
7.3 Bonneville Environmental Foundation .................... 77
7.4 Clearwater ............................................. 77
7.5 The Conservation Fund .................................. 78
7.6 Green Mountain Energy .................................. 78
7.7 TerraPass .............................................. 78
7.8 The U.S. Department of Energy—Home Energy Saver ........ 79
7.9 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) ........... 79
8 Carbon Footprints of Some Entities .......................... 81
8.1 Introduction ........................................... 81
8.2 Carbon Footprint of Persons, Organizations, and
Nations ................................................ 81
8.3 Embedded Carbon of Products ............................ 84
References .................................................. 6
Section III Systems Approach to Project Implementation
9 Introduction: The System Approach to Carbon Footprint and
Energy Reduction ............................................ 89
10 The Six Sigma Systems Approach for Deployment ............... 93
10.1 Introduction ........................................... 93
10.2 Define Stage ........................................... 95
10.3 Measure ............................................... 100
10.4 Analyze ............................................... 101
10.5 Improve ............................................... 101
10.6 Control ............................................... 102
10.7 Summary ............................................... 103
References ................................................. 104
11 Deployment Alternatives .................................... 105
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 105
11.2 Choosing a Waste Minimization Provider or Partner ..... 107
11.3 Essential Elements of the Deployment Plan ............. 108
12 Creating a Successful Project Launch ....................... 111
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 111
12.2 Executive Leadership .................................. 111
12.3 Strategic Goals ....................................... 112
12.4 Resources .............................................
12.5 Metrics ............................................... 117
12.6 Culture ............................................... 118
12.7 Communications ........................................ 118
12.8 Lessons Learned ....................................... 119
12.9 Summary ............................................... 121
Reference
13 The General Approach to Greenhouse Gas and Energy
Analyses ................................................... 123
13.1 Introduction to the Systems Approach Framework ........ 123
13.2 Establish the Team and Define the Project (Step 1) .... 124
13.2.1 Upper-Management Support ....................... 126
13.2.2 The Project Team ............................... 126
13.2.3 Initial Training and Introductory Meeting ...... 127
13.2.4 Project Goals and Metrics ...................... 128
13.2.5 Team Charter ................................... 128
13.2.6 Project Timeline ............................... 129
13.2.7 Project Budget ................................. 129
13.3 Existing Records Review (Step 2) ...................... 131
13.4 Process Mapping and Production Analysis (Step 3) ...... 136
13.5 On-Site Data Collection (Step 4) ...................... 142
13.5.1 Preparation for On-Site Data Collection ........ 142
13.5.2 Assessment Guide ............................... 147
13.6 Data Analysis (Step 5) ................................ 148
13.7 Identify Minimization Opportunities (Step 6) .......... 149
13.8 Determine, Evaluate, and Select Alternatives
(Step 7) .............................................. 152
13.8.1 Generating Alternatives ........................ 152
13.8.2 Common Minimization Alternatives ............... 156
13.8.3 Screening Alternatives ......................... 157
13.8.4 Analyzing and Selecting Alternatives ........... 160
13.8.4.1 Case Study Discussion-Evaluating and
Selecting Alternatives ................ 169
13.9 Documentation and the Deployment Plan (Step 8) ........ 179
13.9.1 Overview of the Deployment Plan ................ 179
13.9.2 Obtaining Funding .............................. 180
13.9.3 Contents of the Documentation and Deployment
Plan ........................................... 181
13.9.3.1 Cover Sheet ........................... 181
13.9.3.2 Overview .............................. 182
13.9.3.3 Assessment Findings and
Recommendations ....................... 182
13.9.3.4 Assumptions, Dependencies, and
Constraints ........................... 182
13.9.3.5 Operational Readiness ................. 182
13.9.3.6 Timeline for Implementation ........... 182
13.9.3.7 Training and Documentation ............ 183
13.9.3.8 Notification of Deployment ............ 183
13.9.3.9 Operations and Maintenance Plans ...... 183
13.9.3.10 Contingency Plan ..................... 183
13.9.3.11 Appendices ........................... 184
13.10 Implementation and Execution (Step 9) ................ 184
13.11 Validate the Program versus Goals (Step 10) .......... 185
13.12 Monitor and Continually Improve Performance
(Step 11) ............................................ 186
14 Employee Training .......................................... 189
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 189
14.2 Strategy .............................................. 189
14.3 Agendas for Training .................................. 191
Section IV Case Studies
15 Higher Education Carbon Management ......................... 195
15.1 Organizations and Programs That Encourage and
Support Carbon Footprint Analysis and Management ...... 195
15.2 Case Study of the University of Toledo ................ 201
15.2.1 Background and Acknowledgments ................. 201
15.2.2 Using Wiki Technology to Facilitate
Communication .................................. 202
15.2.3 Project Process ................................ 203
15.2.4 Project Boundaries and Raw Data ................ 207
15.2.5 Emissions Summary .............................. 212
15.2.6 Emissions Projections .......................... 212
15.2.7 Scope 1 Reduction Strategies ................... 213
15.2.8 Scope 2 Reduction Strategies ................... 214
15.2.9 Scope 3 Reduction Strategies ................... 214
15.2.10 Carbon Offsets ................................ 216
15.2.11 Education ..................................... 217
References ................................................. 217
16 Energy Analysis and Minimization in Manufacturing .......... 219
16.1 Introduction .......................................... 219
16.2 Methodology ........................................... 220
16.3 Data Analysis ......................................... 220
16.3.1 Offices ........................................ 220
16.3.2 Entryway ....................................... 221
16.3.3 Kitchenette .................................... 222
16.3.4 Manufacturing .................................. 222
16.3.5 Other Areas .................................... 223
16.4 Cost Savings Opportunities/Recommendations ............ 223
16.4.1 Offices ........................................ 223
16.4.2 Entryway ....................................... 225
16.4.3 Kitchenette .................................... 226
16.4.4 Manufacturing .................................. 226
16.4.5 Other Areas .................................... 227
16.5 Recommendations and Summary ........................... 227
17 Energy Analysis and Minimization in Health Care ............ 231
17.1 Introduction and Background ........................... 231
17.2 Methodology ........................................... 231
17.3 Lighting Results ...................................... 232
17.4 Lighting Recommendations .............................. 234
17.4.1 Lighting Sensors on the Exterior of the
Parking Structure .............................. 234
17.4.2 LED Tube Retrofits for the F40T12 Bulbs ........ 234
17.4.3 LED Retrofits for Exit Signs ................... 235
17.5 Economic Analysis of Lighting Recommendations ......... 235
17.6 Environmental Impact .................................. 239
17.7 Other Areas for Energy Reduction ...................... 241
References ................................................. 242
18 Energy Analysis in Minimization in Construction and
Manufacturing .............................................. 243
18.1 Background ............................................ 243
18.2 Methodology ........................................... 243
18.3 Data Analysis ......................................... 244
18.3.1 Machine Shop ................................... 244
18.3.2 Warehouse ...................................... 244
18.3.3 Office ......................................... 244
18.4 Cost-Saving Opportunities ............................. 245
18.4.1 The Machine Shop ............................... 245
18.4.2 Warehouse ...................................... 246
18.4.3 Office Area .................................... 246
18.4.4 Other Areas .................................... 246
18.5 Recommendations and Summary ........................... 247
INDEX ......................................................... 249
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