1 Thermoanalytical Techniques .................................. 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1
2.0 CLASSICAL TECHNIQUES .................................... 2
2.1 Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential
Scanning Calorimetry ............................... 2
2.2 DSC ................................................ 5
2.3 Calibration of DTA and DSC ......................... 7
2.4 Thermogravimetry .................................. 12
2.5 High Resolution TG ................................ 14
3.0 MODERN TECHNIQUES ...................................... 20
3.1 Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) ................... 20
3.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) ................. 22
3.3 Dielectric Analysis (DEA) ......................... 23
3.4 Conduction Calorimetry ............................ 26
REFERENCES ............................................. 30
2 Introduction to Portland Cement Concrete .................... 35
1.0 PRODUCTION OF PORTLAND CEMENT .......................... 36
2.0 COMPOSITION ............................................ 37
3.0 INDIVIDUAL CEMENT COMPOUNDS ............................ 38
3.1 Tricalcium Silicate ............................... 38
3.2 Dicalcium Silicate ................................ 43
3.3 Tricalcium Aluminate .............................. 44
3.4 The Ferrite Phase ................................. 45
4.0 RELATIVE BEHAVIORS OF INDIVIDUAL CEMENT MINERALS ....... 46
5.0 HYDRATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT ........................... 48
6.0 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT PASTE ............................. 51
6.1 Setting ........................................... 51
6.2 Micro-structure ................................... 52
6.3 Bond Formation .................................... 53
6.4 Density ........................................... 54
6.5 Pore Structure .................................... 54
6.6 Surface Area and Hydraulic Radius ................. 54
6.7 Mechanical Properties ............................. 55
7.0 PERMEABILITY OF CEMENT PASTE ........................... 56
8.0 DIMENSIONAL CHANGES .................................... 57
9.0 MODELS OF HYDRATED CEMENT .............................. 57
10.0 MATHEMATICAL MODELS .................................... 58
11.0 CONCRETE PROPERTIES .................................... 60
11.1 Workability ....................................... 60
11.2 Setting ........................................... 61
11.3 Bleeding and Segregation .......................... 61
11.4 Mechanical Properties ............................. 61
12.0 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE ................................. 62
13.0 ALKALI-AGGREGATE EXPANSION ............................. 63
14.0 FROST ACTION ........................................... 63
15.0 SEA WATER ATTACK ....................................... 64
16.0 CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENT ............................. 65
17.0 CARBONATION OF CONCRETE ................................ 65
18.0 DELAYED/SECONDARY ETTRINGITE FORMATION ................. 66
REFERENCES ............................................. 67
3 Formation and Hydration of Cement and Cement Compounds ...... 71
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................... 71
2.0 RAW MATERIALS .......................................... 73
3.0 CLINKERIZATION ......................................... 77
4.0 SYNTHESIS OF CEMENT PHASES ............................. 82
5.0 POLYMORPHISM IN SILICATES .............................. 87
6.0 HYDRATION .............................................. 89
6.1 Calcium Silicates ................................. 89
6.2 Calcium Aluminates ................................ 99
6.3 Calcium Aluminates Plus Gypsum ................... 104
7.0 PORTLAND CEMENT ....................................... 111
8.0 CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O AND RELATED SYSTEMS ................ 118
9.0 DURABILITY ASPECTS .................................... 122
9.1 Aggregates ....................................... 122
9.2 Magnesium Oxide .................................. 124
9.3 High Temperature Effects ......................... 126
9.4 Freezing-Thawing Processes ....................... 127
9.5 Carbonation ...................................... 131
9.6 Chemical Attack .................................. 134
9.7 Aged Concrete .................................... 135
REFERENCES ............................................ 136
4 Introduction to Concrete Admixtures ........................ 143
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................... 143
2.0 ACCELERATORS ........................................... 145
2.1 Effect of Calcium Chloride on Calcium Silicates .. 146
2.2 Effect of Calcium Chloride on Calcium Aluminate .. 149
2.3 Effect of Calcium Chloride on Cement ............. 150
2.4 Effect of Calcium Chloride on Concrete ........... 151
2.5 Triethanolamine(TEA) ............................. 153
2.6 Formates ......................................... 156
2.7 Other Non-Chloride Accelerators .................. 159
3.0 WATER REDUCERS AND RETARDERS .......................... 162
3.1 Introduction ..................................... 162
3.2 Retarders ........................................ 164
3.3 Water Reducers ................................... 167
4.0 SUPERPLASTICIZERS ..................................... 169
5.0 AIR-ENTRAINING AGENTS ................................. 173
6.0 MINERAL ADMIXTURES .................................... 174
6.1 Fly Ash .......................................... 175
6.2 Slag ............................................. 176
6.3 Silica Fume ...................................... 176
7.0 MISCELLANEOUS ADMIXTURES .............................. 177
7.1 Expansion Producers .............................. 178
7.2 Pigments ......................................... 178
7.3 Dampproofmg and Waterproofing Admixtures ......... 178
7.4 Pumping Aids ..................................... 178
7.5 Flocculating Admixtures .......................... 178
7.6 Bacterial, Fungicidal, and Insecticidal
Admixtures ....................................... 179
7.7 ShotcretingAdmixtures ............................ 179
7.8 AntiwashoutAdmixtures ............................ 179
7.9 Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures .................. 179
7.10 Alkali-Aggregate Expansion Reducing Admixtures ... 180
7.11 Polymer-Modified Mortars/Concrete ................ 180
7.12 Admixtures for Oil Well Cements .................. 180
7.13 Antifreezing Admixtures .......................... 181
REFERENCES ............................................ 182
5 Accelerating Admixtures .................................... 189
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 189
2.0 CALCIUM CHLORIDE ...................................... 190
3.0 NON-CHLORIDE ACCELERATORS ............................. 202
REFERENCES ............................................ 218
6 Retarding and Water Reducing Admixtures .................... 221
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 221
2.0 LIGNOSULFONATES ....................................... 222
2.1 Tricalcium Aluminate ............................. 222
2.2 Tricalcium Aluminate-Gypsum-Calcium
Lignosulfonate-Water ............................. 224
2.3 Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite-Calcium
Lignosulfonate-Water ............................. 225
2.4 Tricalcium Silicate-Lignosulfonate-Water ......... 226
2.5 Dicalcium Silicate-Lignosulfonate-WaterSystem .... 229
2.6 Tricalcium Silicate-Tricalcium Aluminate-
Lignosulfonate-Water System ...................... 230
2.7 Cement-Lignosulfonate-WaterSystem ................ 232
3.0 SUGAR-FREE LIGNOSULFONATE ............................. 235
4.0 HYDROXYCARBOXYLICACIDS ................................ 238
5.0 SUGARS ................................................ 239
6.0 PHOSPHONATES .......................................... 240
7.0 CONDUCTION CALORIMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF RETARDERS ....... 245
8.0 SLUMP LOSS ............................................ 248
9.0 ABNORMAL SETTING ...................................... 251
10.0 READY-MIX CONCRETE .................................... 252
11.0 OTHER ADMIXTURES ...................................... 254
12.0 IDENTIFICATION OF WATER REDUCERS/RETARDERS ............ 254
REFERENCES ............................................ 257
7 Superplasticizing Admixtures ............................... 261
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 261
2.0 TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE .................................. 262
3.0 TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE-GYPSUM SYSTEM .................... 265
4.0 TRICALCIUM SILICATE ................................... 269
5.0 CEMENT ................................................ 273
6.0 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF SUPERPLASTICIZERS ................. 287
REFERENCES ............................................ 289
8 Supplementary Cementing Materials and Other Additions ...... 293
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 293
2.0 FLY ASH ............................................... 294
3.0 SILICA FUME ........................................... 300
4.0 SLAGS ................................................. 308
5.0 RICE HUSK ASH ......................................... 319
6.0 METAKAOLINITE ......................................... 323
7.0 NATURAL POZZOLANS ..................................... 328
8.0 RELATIVE EFFECTS OF POZZOLANS AND THEIR MIXTURES ...... 332
9.0 MISCELLANEOUS ADDITIVES ............................... 338
REFERENCES ............................................ 345
9 Introduction to Non-Portland Cement Binders alid Concrete .. 355
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 355
2.0 MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT .......................... 356
2.1 Description ...................................... 356
2.2 Hydration Reactions .............................. 356
2.3 MicrostructureDevelopment ........................ 357
2.4 Strength Development ............................. 357
2.5 Resistance To Water .............................. 360
3.0 MAGNESIUM OXYSULFATE CEMENT ........................... 360
3.1 Hydration ........................................ 360
3.2 Strength Development ............................. 361
4.0 CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENTS ............................. 362
4.1 Description ...................................... 362
4.2 Hydration ........................................ 363
4.3 Strength Development ............................. 365
4.4 Strength and the Conversion Reaction ............. 365
4.5 Inhibition of C3AH6 Formation .................... 366
4.6 Durability ....................................... 367
4.7 Chemical Admixtures .............................. 367
4.8 Refractory Applications .......................... 369
5.0 PORTLAND CEMENT-CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENT BLENDS ....... 370
5.1 Introduction ..................................... 370
5.2 Hydration ........................................ 370
5.3 Setting Behavior and Ettringite Nucleation ....... 372
5.4 Early Strength Development ....................... 373
5.5 CAC-Based Expansive Cement Reactions ............. 375
5.6 Chemical Admixtures .............................. 378
6.0 PHOSPHATE CEMENT SYSTEMS .............................. 379
6.1 Description ...................................... 379
7.0 MAGNESIA PHOSPHATE CEMENT BINDERS ..................... 381
7.1 Mechanical Properties ............................ 381
7.2 Additives ........................................ 385
7.3 Calcium Phosphate-Based Materials ................ 386
7.4 Lime Silico-PhosphateCement ...................... 387
8.0 REGULATED-SET CEMENT .................................. 388
8.1 Description ...................................... 388
8.2 Paste and Mortar Hydration ....................... 388
9 0 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DURABILITY OF JET
SET-BASED CEMENT SYSTEMS .............................. 392
9.1 Strength, Microhardness, and Modulus of
Elasticity ....................................... 392
9.2 Durability ....................................... 395
9.3 Gypsum ........................................... 395
REFERENCES ............................................ 397
10 Non-Portland Rapid Setting Cements ......................... 403
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 403
2.0 CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENTS ............................. 404
2.1 Basic Reactions .................................. 404
2.2 Thermal Analysis of Hydrated Calcium Aluminate
Cements .......................................... 405
3.0 JET SET (REGULATED-SET) CEMENT ........................ 422
3.1 Hydration of 11 CaO«7Al23«CaFs ................... 422
4.0 MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE AND MAGNESIUM OXYSULFATE
CEMENT SYSTEMS ........................................ 430
5.0 ZINC OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT ............................... 437
6.0 MAGNESIA-PHOSPHATE CEMENTS ............................ 438
7.0 HYDROXY APATITE ....................................... 444
REFERENCES ............................................ 446
11 Gypsum and Gypsum Products ................................. 449
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 449
2.0 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS (DTA) AND DIFFERENTIAL
SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC) ............................ 450
3.0 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS (TG) ....................... 454
4.0 DEHYDRATION OF GYPSUM ................................. 455
5.0 SIMULTANEOUS TG-DTG-DTA ............................... 459
6.0 CONVERSION REACTIONS .................................. 462
6.1 Dihydrate to P-Anhydrite ......................... 462
6.2 Conversion of Soluble to Insoluble Anhydrite ..... 467
7.0 CONTROLLED TRANSFORMATION RATE THERMAL ANALYSIS
(CRTA) ........................................... 467
7.1 CRTA and Kinetic Modeling ........................ 473
8.0 A THREE STEP GYPSUM DEHYDRATION PROCESS ............... 477
9.0 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS ............................... 480
9.1 Portland Cement and Stucco ....................... 480
9.2 Gypsum-Based Cements ............................. 482
9.3 Sedimentary Rocks Containing Gypsum .............. 484
9.4 Quality Control of Commercial Plasters ........... 484
9.5 White Coat Plaster ............................... 487
9.6 Expanding Cement ................................. 488
REFERENCES ............................................ 488
12 Clay-Based Construction Products ........................... 491
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 491
2.0 THERMAL BEHAVIOR AND IDENTIFICATION OF CLAYS AND
ACCESSORY MINERALS ............................... 492
2.1 DTA of Clay Minerals ............................. 492
2.2 Other Thermal Methods ............................ 500
2.3 Accessory Minerals ............................... 505
3.0 APPLICATIONS .......................................... 508
3.1 Analysis of Brick Clays .......................... 508
3.2 Thermal Efficiency of Kilns ...................... 508
3.3 Dark Color of Soils .............................. 508
3.4 Bloatability of Clays ............................ 510
3.5 Weathering of Roofing Slates ..................... 513
3.6 Soil Stabilization ............................... 514
3.7 Structural Ceramics .............................. 514
3.8 Solid Waste in Clay Bricks ....................... 517
3.9 Archaeological Investigations .................... 518
4.0 DURABILITY OF CLAY BRICKS ............................. 519
4.1 Dimensional Changes .............................. 519
4.2 Saturation Coefficient ........................... 521
4.3 Firing Temperature of Clay Brick ................. 521
4.4 Brick Particulate Additives for Concrete ......... 526
REFERENCES ............................................ 529
13 Introduction to Organic Construction Materials ............. 531
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 531
2.0 ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS ................................ 538
2.1 Adhesives ........................................ 538
2.2 Sealants ......................................... 547
3.0 PAINTS AND COATINGS ................................... 553
4.0 ASPHALT - BITUMINOUS MATERIALS ........................ 560
5.0 ROOF COVERING MATERIALS ............................... 563
5.1 Polymers ......................................... 565
5.2 Membrane Characteristics ......................... 568
REFERENCES ............................................ 573
14 Sealants and Adhesives ..................................... 579
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 579
2.0 TEST METHODS .......................................... 580
3.0 APPLICATIONS .......................................... 584
3.1 Sealants ......................................... 584
3.2 Adhesives ........................................ 599
REFERENCES ............................................ 606
15 Roofing Materials .......................................... 611
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 611
2.0 BITUMINOUS ROOFING MATERIAL ........................... 612
3.0 SYNTHETIC ROOFING MEMBRANES ........................... 613
4.0 APPLICATIONS .......................................... 615
REFERENCES ............................................ 627
16 Paints and Coatings ........................................ 633
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 633
2.0 PAINTS ................................................ 634
3.0 COATINGS .............................................. 640
3.1 Intumescent Coatings ............................. 640
3.2 Silicone Coatings ................................ 645
3.3 Organic Coatings Degradation (Service-Life) ...... 647
3.4 Inorganic Coatings ............................... 649
3.5 Miscellaneous Coatings ........................... 650
REFERENCES ............................................ 652
Index ......................................................... 655
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