Hayes B.S. Optical microscopy of fiber reinforced composites / B.S.Hayes, L.M.Gammon. - Materials Park: ASM International, 2010. - xi, 271 p.: ill. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.361-271. - ISBN-10 0-61503-044-1; ISBN-13 978-1-61503-044-6  Место хранения:   07 | Центральная библиотека Красноярского научного центра СО РАН | Красноярск

Оглавление / Contents

Preface ........................................................ ix Acknowledgments ................................................ xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction—Composite Materials and Optical Microscopy ...................................................... 1 Composite Materials ............................................. 1 Polymer Matrices ................................................ 5 Prepreg Materials ............................................... 5 Infusion Processes .............................................. 8 Composite- and Matrix-Toughening Methods ....................... 10 Dispersed-Phase Toughening ..................................... 10 Interlayer-Toughened Composites ................................ 13 Honeycomb/Foam Structure Composite Materials ................... 15 Optical Microscopy of Composite Materials ...................... 17 CHAPTER 2 Sample Preparation and Mounting ..................... 23 Documentation and Labeling ..................................... 24 Sectioning the Composite ....................................... 24 Clamp-Mounting Composite Samples - Automated Polishing Heads .......................................................... 29 Mounting Composite Samples in Casting Resins ................... 30 Addition of Contrast Dyes to Casting Resins .................... 32 Molds for Mounting Composite Materials ......................... 34 Summary of Mounting Procedure .................................. 34 Clamping Mounted Composite Samples in Automated Polishing Heads .......................................................... 38 Mounting Composite Materials for Hand Polishing ................ 38 Mounting Technique Summary ..................................... 40 CHAPTER 3 Rough Grinding and Polishing ........................ 43 Grinding and Polishing Equipment and Process Variables ......... 44 Processes for Sample Preparation ............................... 46 Abrasive Sizing for Grinding and Rough Polishing ............... 50 Rough Grinding - Sample Removal ................................ 51 Summary of Grinding Methods .................................... 56 Rough Polishing ................................................ 56 Summary of Rough Polishing ..................................... 61 Final Polishing ................................................ 62 Summary of Final Polishing ..................................... 65 Common Polishing Artifacts ..................................... 65 CHAPTER 4 Special Sample Preparation and Polishing ............ 67 Preparation of Titanium Honeycomb Composites ................... 67 Preparation of Boron Fiber Composites .......................... 68 Preparation of Titanium/Polymeric Composite Hybrids ............ 73 Preparation of Uncured Prepreg Materials ....................... 80 CHAPTER 5 Viewing the Specimen Using Reflected-Light Microscopy ..................................................... 89 Macrophotography and Analysis .................................. 89 Microscope Alignment ........................................... 91 Bright-Field Illumination ...................................... 92 Dark-Field Illumination ........................................ 94 Polarized-Light Microscopy ..................................... 96 Interference and Contrast Microscopy ........................... 97 Fluorescence Microscopy ........................................ 99 Penetration Dyes .............................................. 102 Stains and Dyes for Polymeric Material Dispersed Phases ....... 107 Etches for Polymeric Matrices ................................. 108 Summary ....................................................... 113 CHAPTER 6 Thin-Section Preparation and Transmitted-Light Microscopy .................................................... 116 Procedure and Selection of the Rough Section .................. 116 Preparation of the Rough Section for Preliminary Mounting ..... 118 Grinding and Polishing the Primary-Mount First Surface ........ 119 Mounting the First Surface on a Glass Slide ................... 120 Preparing the Second Surface (Top Surface) .................... 121 Summary for Ultrathin-Section Sample Preparation .............. 128 Transmitted-Light Microscopy .................................. 129 Optimization of Microscope Conditions ......................... 130 Microscopy of the Section ..................................... 131 Examples of Ultrathin-Section Analyses ........................ 131 Conclusions ................................................... 134 CHAPTER 7 Composite Structure Analysis ....................... 137 Ply Terminations and Splices .................................. 138 Multiple Material Combinations ................................ 140 Fiber Orientation Verification ................................ 141 CHAPTER 8 Void Analysis of Composite Materials ............... 147 Volatiles and Void Content .................................... 147 Voids due to Entrapped Air .................................... 148 Voids at Ply-Drops ............................................ 151 Voids due to High Fiber Packing ............................... 153 Voids in Honeycomb Core Composites ............................ 154 Void Documentation ............................................ 156 CHAPTER 9 Microcrack Analysis of Composite Materials ......... 159 Bright-Field and Polarized-Light Analysis of Microcracked Composites .................................................... 160 Contrast Dyes and Dark-Field Analysis of Microcracked Composites .................................................... 165 Analysis of Microcracked Composites Using Epi-Fluorescence .... 168 Determination and Recording of Microcracks in Composite Materials ..................................................... 173 CHAPTER 10 Toughening Methods for Thermoset-Matrix Composites .................................................... 177 Dispersed-Phase Toughening of Thermoset Matrices .............. 178 Particle Interlayer Toughening of Composite Materials ......... 181 CHAPTER 11 Impact Response of Composites ...................... 193 Analysis Methods for Impact-Damaged Composites ................ 194 Brittle-Matrix Composite Failure .............................. 195 Tough-Matrix Composite Failure ................................ 196 Thermoplastic-Matrix Composite Failure Mechanisms ............. 200 Untoughened Thermoset-Matrix Composite Failure Mechanisms ..... 202 Toughened Thermoset-Matrix Composite Failure Mechanisms ....... 202 Dispersed-Phase, Rubber-Toughened Thermoset-Matrix Composite Failure Mechanisms ............................................ 206 Particle Interlayer-Toughened Composite Failure Mechanisms .... 206 CHAPTER 12 Matrix Microstructural Analysis .................... 211 Crystalline Microstructures of Thermoplastic-Matrix Composites .................................................... 211 Natural Fiber and Resin Composites ............................ 217 CHAPTER 13 Honeycomb-Cored Sandwich Structure Composites .................................................... 223 Film Adhesive/Prepreg Resin Flow and Intermingling ............ 223 Honeycomb Core Movement and Core Crash ........................ 225 Void Content in Honeycomb Composites .......................... 228 Honeycomb Core Failure ........................................ 228 CHAPTER 14 Surface Degradation of Composites .................. 237 Heat Effects on Composite Material Surfaces ................... 237 Ultraviolet-Light Effects on Composite Materials .............. 239 Atomic Oxygen Effects on Composite Surfaces ................... 241 CHAPTER 15 The Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites .................................................... 245 Assessment of Microstructural Damage in Composites ............ 246 Index ......................................................... 261