Introduction .................................................... 1
1 Development of the Normal Fetal Skeleton
Introduction ................................................. 3
2 Differential Diagnosis of Single Skeletal Defects
Introduction ................................................ 31
Limbs
Amelia - Amputation - Phocomelia .......................... 32
Radius and/or Thumb: Aplasia, Hypoplasia .................. 36
Radio-ulnar Synostosis .................................... 40
Ulna: Aplasia, Hypoplasia ................................. 42
Humerus: Aplasia, Hypoplasia .............................. 44
Tibia: Aplasia, Hypoplasia ................................ 46
Fibula: Aplasia, Hypoplasia ............................... 48
Femur: Aplasia, Hypoplasia ................................ 50
Femur: Bowing ............................................. 53
Stippled Epiphyses - Stippled Ossification of Cartilage ... 56
Hands/Feet: Absent ........................................ 58
Hands/Feet: Split/Cleft/Ectrodactyly ...................... 60
Hands/Feet: Preaxial Polydactyly .......................... 63
Hands/Feet: Postaxial Polydactyly ......................... 66
Skull
Premature Cranial Synostosis/Cloverleaf Skull ............. 70
Unossified and Hypo-ossified Calvaria ..................... 73
Encephalocele ............................................. 75
Anencephaly/Myelomeningocele/Spina bifida ................. 78
Spine
Vertebral Segmentation Defects/Hemivertebrae/Vertebral
Fusion .................................................... 80
Pelvic-Sacral Abnormalities
Sacral Agenesis/Hypogenesis/Caudal Dysplasia; Pubic
Bone Dysgenesis ........................................ 86
Coronal Clefts ofVertebral Bodies ......................... 90
Platyspondyly ............................................. 93
Ventral Body Wall Defects
Ectopia Cordis ............................................ 94
Ventral Wall Defects/Omphalocele/Gastroschisis ............ 96
3 Skeletal Dysplasias
Introduction ................................................ 99
A. Skeletal Dysplasias with Prominent Shortness of the
Tubular Bones
Thanatophoric Dysplasia I ................................ 100
Thanatophoric Dysplasia II ............................... 102
Achondroplasia ........................................... 104
Metatropic Dysplasia ..................................... 106
Fibrochondrogenesis ...................................... 108
Schneckenbecken Dysplasia ................................ 110
Lethal Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, Sedaghatian Type .... 111
Achondrogenesis IA ....................................... 112
Achondrogenesis IB ....................................... 113
Achondrogenesis Type 2/Hypochondrogenesis ................ 114
Platyspondylic Dysplasia, Torrance-Luton Type ............ 116
Kniest Dysplasia/Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita .. 118
В. Skeletal Dysplasias with Congenital Bowing and Normal
Bone Density
Dyssegmental Dysplasia ..................................... 120
Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome ................................... 122
Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia .................................. 123
Campomelic Dysplasia ....................................... 124
C. Skeletal Dysplasia with Decreased Bone Density, with or
without Bowing
Antley-Bixler Syndrome ..................................... 126
Osteogenesis Imperfecta .................................... 128
Infantile Hypophosphatasia ................................. 131
Jansen Metaphyseal Dysplasia ............................... 133
Stiive-Wiedemann Syndrome .................................. 134
Oto-palato-digital Syndrome Type II ........................ 136
D. Skeletal Dysplasias with Slender Tubular Bones
Fetal a/Hypokinesia Sequence ............................... 138
Osteocraniostenosis ........................................ 140
Gracile Bone Dysplasia ..................................... 142
Microcephalic Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism, Type 1 .. 143
Microcephalic Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism, Type 2 .. 144
E. Skeletal Dysplasias with Thick Tubular Bones
Mucolipidosis II ........................................... 145
Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis ............................ 146
F. Skeletal Dysplasias with Short Ribs, with or without
Polydactyly
SRP, Saldino-Noonan/Verma-Naumoff Type ..................... 147
SRP, Beemer-Langer Type .................................... 149
Asphyxiating Thoracic Dysplasia ............................ 150
SRP, Majewski Type ......................................... 152
Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome ................................. 153
G. Chondrodysplasia Punctata Group
Greenberg Dysplasia ........................................ 155
Chondrodysplasia Punctata, X-linked Dominant Type .......... 156
Chondrodysplasia Punctata, X-linked Recessive Type ......... 158
Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic Type ................. 159
H. Skeletal Dysplasias with Multiple Dislocations
Larsen Syndrome ............................................ 161
Atelosteogenesis ........................................... 163
Desbuquois Dysplasia ....................................... 165
I. Skeletal Dysplasias with Prominent Involvement of the
Humeri or Clavicles
De la Chapelle Dysplasia ................................... 167
Diastrophic Dysplasia ...................................... 168
Omodysplasia ............................................... 170
Cleidocranial Dysplasia .................................... 171
K. Dysplasias with Prominent Involvement of the Mesial and
Acral Skeleton
Mesomelic Dysplasia, Langer Type ........................... 173
Robinow Syndrome ........................................... 174
Nievergelt Syndrome ........................................ 176
Grebe Dysplasia ............................................ 177
L. Skeletal Dysplasias with Increased Bone Density
Infantile Osteopetrosis .................................... 179
Blomstrand Syndrome ........................................ 181
Lenz-Majewski Hyperostotic Dysplasia ....................... 182
Annex ......................................................... 184
Subject Index ................................................. 209
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