PREFACE 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................... 17
1 Introduction ................................................ 19
1.1 Introduction ........................................... 19
1.2 Types of Material Failure .............................. 20
1.3 Design and Materials Selection ......................... 28
1.4 Technological Challenge ................................ 34
1.5 Economic Importance of Fracture ........................ 36
1.6 Summary ................................................ 37
References .................................................. 38
Problems and Questions ...................................... 38
2 Structure and Deformation in Materials ...................... 40
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 40
2.2 Bonding in Solids ...................................... 42
2.3 Structure in Crystalline Materials ..................... 46
2.4 Elastic Deformation and Theoretical Strength ........... 50
2.5 Inelastic Deformation .................................. 55
2.6 Summary ................................................ 61
References .................................................. 62
Problems and Questions ...................................... 63
3 A Survey of Engineering Materials ........................... 65
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 65
3.2 Alloying and Processing of Metals ...................... 66
3.3 Irons and Steels ....................................... 72
3.4 Nonferrous Metals ...................................... 80
3.5 Polymers ............................................... 84
3.1 Ceramics and Glasses ................................... 94
3.7 Composite Materials ................................... 100
3.8 Materials Selection for Engineering Components ........ 105
3.9 Summary ............................................... 111
References ................................................. 113
Problems and Questions ..................................... 114
4 Mechanical Testing: Tension Test and Other Basic Tests ..... 118
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 118
4.2 Introduction to Tension Test .......................... 123
4.3 Engineering Stress-Strain Properties .................. 128
4.4 Trends in Tensile Behavior ............................ 137
4.5 True Stress-Strain Interpretation of Tension Test ..... 143
4.6 Compression Test ...................................... 151
4.7 Hardness Tests ........................................ 157
4.8 Notch-Impact Tests .................................... 164
4.9 Bending and Torsion Tests ............................. 169
4.10 Summary ............................................... 175
References ................................................. 176
Problems and Questions ..................................... 177
5 Stress-Strain Relationships and Behavior ................... 190
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 190
5.2 Models for Deformation Behavior ....................... 191
5.3 Elastic Deformation ................................... 201
5.4 Anisotropic Materials ................................. 214
5.5 Summary ............................................... 223
References ................................................. 225
Problems and Questions ..................................... 225
6 Review of Complex and Principal States of Stress and
Strain ..................................................... 234
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 234
6.2 Plane Stress .......................................... 235
6.3 Principal Stresses and the Maximum Shear Stress ....... 245
6.4 Three-Dimensional States of Stress .................... 253
6.5 Stresses on the Octahedral Planes ..................... 260
6.6 Complex States of Strain .............................. 262
6.7 Summary ............................................... 267
References ................................................. 269
Problems and Questions ..................................... 269
7 Yielding and Fracture under Combined Stresses .............. 275
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 275
7.2 General Form of Failure Criteria ...................... 277
7.3 Maximum Normal Stress Fracture Criterion .............. 279
7.4 Maximum Shear Stress Yield Criterion .................. 282
7.5 Octahedral Shear Stress Yield Criterion ............... 288
7.6 Discussion of the Basic Failure Criteria .............. 295
7.7 Coulomb-Mohr Fracture Criterion ....................... 301
7.8 Modified Mohr Fracture Criterion ...................... 311
7.9 Additional Comments on Failure Criteria ............... 318
7.10 Summary ............................................... 321
References ................................................. 322
Problems and Questions ..................................... 323
8 Fracture of Cracked Members ................................ 334
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 334
8.2 Preliminary Discussion ................................ 337
8.3 Mathematical Concepts ................................. 344
8.4 Application of К to Design and Analysis ............... 348
8.5 Additional Topics on Application of К ................. 359
8.6 Fracture Toughness Values and Trends .................. 371
8.7 Plastic Zone Size, and Plasticity Limitations on
LEFM .................................................. 381
8.8 Discussion of Fracture Toughness Testing .............. 390
8.9 Extensions of Fracture Mechanics Beyond Linear
Elasticity ............................................ 391
8.10 Summary ............................................... 398
References ................................................. 401
Problems and Questions ..................................... 402
9 Fatigue of Materials: Introduction and Stress-Based
Approach ................................................... 416
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 416
9.2 Definitions and Concepts .............................. 418
9.3 Sources of Cyclic Loading ............................. 429
9.4 Fatigue Testing ....................................... 430
9.5 The Physical Nature of Fatigue Damage ................. 435
9.6 Trends in S-N Curves .................................. 441
9.7 Mean Stresses ......................................... 451
9.8 Multiaxial Stresses ................................... 463
9.9 Variable Amplitude Loading ............................ 468
9.10 Summary ............................................... 478
References ................................................. 479
Problems and Questions ..................................... 481
10 Stress-Based Approach to Fatigue: Notched Members .......... 491
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 491
10.2 Notch Effects ......................................... 493
10.3 Notch Sensitivity and Empirical Estimates of kƒ ....... 497
10.4 Estimating Long-Life Fatigue Strengths (Fatigue
Limits) ............................................... 501
10.5 Notch Effects at Intermediate and Short Lives ......... 506
10.6 Combined Effects of Notches and Mean Stress ........... 510
10.7 Estimating S-N Curves ................................. 520
10.8 Use of Component S-N Data ............................. 527
10.9 Designing to Avoid Fatigue Failure .................... 536
10.10 Discussion ........................................... 541
10.11 Summary .............................................. 542
References ................................................. 544
Problems and Questions ..................................... 545
11 Fatigue Crack Growth ....................................... 560
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 560
11.2 Preliminary Discussion ................................ 561
11.3 Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Testing ..................... 569
11.4 Effects of R = Smin/unax on Fatigue Crack Growth ...... 574
11.5 Trends in Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior ............... 584
11.6 Life Estimates for Constant Amplitude Loading ......... 590
11.7 Life Estimates for Variable Amplitude Loading ......... 601
11.8 Design Considerations ................................. 607
11.9 Plasticity Aspects and Limitations of LEFM for
Fatigue Crack Growth .................................. 609
11.10 Environmental Crack Growth ........................... 616
11.11 Summary .............................................. 621
References ................................................. 623
Problems and Questions ..................................... 624
12 Plastic Deformation Behavior and Models for Materials ...... 638
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 638
12.2 Stress-Strain Curves .................................. 641
12.3 Three-Dimensional Stress-Strain Relationships ......... 649
12.4 Unloading and Cyclic Loading Behavior from
Rheological Models .................................... 659
12.5 Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of Real Materials ....... 668
12.6 Summary 681 References 683 Problems and Questions ..... 684
13 Stress-Strain Analysis of Plastically Deforming Members .... 693
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 693
13.2 Plasticity in Bending ................................. 694
13.3 Residual Stresses and Strains for Bending ............. 703
13.4 Plasticity of Circular Shafts in Torsion .............. 707
13.5 Notched Members ....................................... 710
13.6 Cyclic Loading ........................................ 722
13.7 Summary ............................................... 733
References ................................................. 734
Problems and Questions ..................................... 735
14 Strain-Based Approach to Fatigue ........................... 745
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 745
14.2 Strain Versus Life Curves ............................. 748
14.3 Mean Stress Effects ................................... 758
14.4 Multiaxial Stress Effects ............................. 767
14.5 Life Estimates for Structural Components .............. 771
14.6 Discussion ............................................ 781
14.7 Summary ............................................... 789
References ................................................. 790
Problems and Questions ..................................... 791
15 Time-Dependent Behavior: Creep and Damping ................. 802
15.1 Introduction .......................................... 802
15.2 Creep Testing ......................................... 804
15.3 Physical Mechanisms of Creep .......................... 809
15.4 Time-Temperature Parameters and Life Estimates ........ 821
15.5 Creep Failure under Varying Stress .................... 833
15.6 Stress-Strain-Time Relationships ...................... 836
15.7 Creep Deformation under Varying Stress ................ 841
15.8 Creep Deformation under Multiaxial Stress ............. 848
15.9 Component Stress-Strain Analysis ...................... 850
15.10 Energy Dissipation (Damping) in Materials ............ 855
15.11 Summary .............................................. 864
References ................................................. 867
Problems and Questions ..................................... 868
Appendix A Review of Selected Topics from Mechanics of
Materials ..................................................... 880
A.l Introduction .......................................... 880
A.2 Basic Formulas for Stresses and Deflections ........... 880
A.3 Properties of Areas ................................... 882
A.4 Shears, Moments, and Deflections in Beams ............. 884
A.5 Stresses in Pressure Vessels, Tubes, and Discs ........ 884
A.6 Elastic Stress Concentration Factors for Notches ...... 889
A.7 Fully Plastic Yielding Loads .......................... 890
References ................................................. 899
Appendix В Statistical Variation in Materials Properties ..... 900
B.l Introduction .......................................... 900
B.2 Mean and Standard Deviation ........................... 900
B.3 Normal or Gaussian Distribution ....................... 902
B.4 Typical Variation in Materials Properties ............. 905
B.5 One-Sided Tolerance Limits ............................ 905
B.6 Discussion ............................................ 907
References ................................................. 908
ANSWERS FOR SELECTED PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS ................... 909
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................. 920
INDEX ......................................................... 933
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