Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................... 1
1.1 Objective .................................................. 1
1.2 Related Industry Codes, Standards and Specifications ....... 3
1.3 Organization of the Document ............................... 5
Chapter 2: Design and Evaluation Philosophy ..................... 7
2.1 Introduction ............................................... 7
2.2 Considerations for New Design .............................. 7
2.3 Considerations for the Evaluation of Existing Facilities ... 8
2.4 Cautions Regarding Design & Evaluation ..................... 9
2.5 Performance Objectives and Occupancy Categories ........... 10
2.6 Design Approaches for New Facilities ...................... 13
2.7 Evaluation of Existing Structure / Replacement in Kind .... 14
2.8 Considerations for Regulatory Requirements ................ 15
2.9 Considerations for Temporary Facilities ................... 17
2.10 Structural Observation and Inspection ..................... 17
2.11 Quality Assurance ......................................... 18
2.12 Peer Review ............................................... 18
Chapter 3: Seismic Hazards ..................................... 19
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 19
3.2 Earthquake Basics ......................................... 19
3.3 Ground Shaking ............................................ 21
3.4 Design Ground Motions ..................................... 24
3.5 Ground Failure ............................................ 34
3.6 Tsunami and Seiche ........................................ 37
Appendix 3.A Ground Shaking ................................... 39
Appendix 3.B Earthquake Related Coastal Inundation ............ 51
Chapter 4: Seismic Analysis .................................... 60
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 60
4.2 Structural Systems in a Petrochemical Facility ............ 61
4.3 Selection of Analysis Procedures .......................... 64
4.4 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure ........................ 65
4.5 Dynamic Analysis Methods .................................. 79
4.6 Considerations for Existing Facilities .................... 84
Appendix 4.A Typical Period (T) Computations for
Nonbuilding Structures .................................... 89
Appendix 4.B Guidelines for Determination of Base Shear for
Combination Structures ................................... 103
Appendix 4.C Determination of Base Shear for Selected
Structures ............................................... 111
Appendix 4.D Stability Check Using Energy Balance Approach ... 123
Appendix 4.E Methodology for Determination of Sliding
Displacements ............................................ 139
Appendix 4.F Guidance for California Accidental Release
Prevention (CalARP) Program Seismic Assessments .......... 143
Appendix 4.G Examples of Configurations of Petrochemical
Structures where Dynamic Analysis Is Recommended ......... 191
Chapter 5: Primary Structural Design .......................... 203
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 203
5.2 Design Criteria .......................................... 203
5.3 Design Considerations .................................... 213
5.4 Structural Details ....................................... 232
5.5 Physical Interaction of Structures and Components ........ 245
5.6 Geotechnical Considerations .............................. 247
Chapter 6: Walkdown Evaluations of Existing Facilities ........ 250
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 250
6.2 Basis for Performing Walkdowns ........................... 250
6.3 General Methodology ...................................... 251
6.4 System Considerations .................................... 255
6.5 Evaluation of Components ................................. 257
6.6 Limitations .............................................. 284
Chapter 7: Design and Evaluation of Tanks at Grade ............ 286
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 286
7.2 Past Earthquake Performance of Flat-Bottomed Tanks ....... 287
7.3 Walkthrough Inspection ................................... 290
7.4 Analytical Evaluation .................................... 300
7.5 Mitigation of Seismic Effects ............................ 308
7.6 Considerations for Future Investigation .................. 309
7.7 Design of New Tanks ...................................... 309
Chapter 8: Earthquake Contingency Planning .................... 312
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 312
8.2 Purpose .................................................. 312
8.3 Scope of Response Plan ................................... 312
8.4 Pre-Earthquake Preparation ............................... 313
8.5 Incident Recognition ..................................... 314
8.6 Command & Control / Mobilization System .................. 314
8.7 Roles and Responsibilities of Team Personnel ............. 315
8.8 Inspection Methodology ................................... 315
8.9 Assembling of Inspection Data / Reporting Results ........ 315
Chapter 9: Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment .................. 317
9.1 Introduction ............................................. 317
9.2 Pre-Investigation Activities ............................. 319
9.3 Performing Field Inspections ............................. 320
9.4 Evaluation of Load-Carrying Systems ...................... 321
9.5 Identification of Damaged Structures ..................... 322
9.6 Documentation ............................................ 322
9.7 Inspection Team .......................................... 323
9.8 Recommended Equipment .................................... 324
Chapter 10: Retrofit Design ................................... 325
10.1 Introduction ............................................. 325
10.2 Upgrade Situations ....................................... 325
10.3 Criteria for Voluntary Seismic Upgrading ................. 326
10.4 Seismic Retrofit Considerations for Plant Structures
and Buildings ............................................ 326
Chapter 11: New and Existing Marine Oil Terminals ............. 330
11.1 Introduction ............................................. 330
11.2 MOT Descriptions ......................................... 330
11.3 Historical Performance ................................... 330
11.4 State of Practice ........................................ 331
11.5 Overall Approach ......................................... 332
11.6 Existing Marine Oil Terminals ............................ 333
Chapter 12: International Codes ............................... 335
12.1 Introduction ............................................. 335
12.2 Code Conformance ......................................... 335
12.3 Multiple Code Conformance ................................ 336
12.4 Cautions when Performing Code Comparisons ................ 336
12.5 Vendor Issues ............................................ 339
12.6 Language Issues .......................................... 339
Nomenclature .................................................. 340
Glossary ...................................................... 344
References .................................................... 348
Index ......................................................... 359
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