CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO TINTINNIDS ........................... 1
1.1 Why a book on tintinnid ciliates? .......................... 2
1.2 What is a tintinnid ciliate? ............................... 3
1.3 The Iorica as the defining characteristic of tintinnid
ciliates ................................................... 3
1.4 History of tintinnid studies ............................... 7
1.5 Tintinnids as model organisms for marine plankton ......... 13
1.6 Key points, 16 Acknowledgments ............................ 16
CHAPTER 2 THE TINTINNID LORICA ................................ 17
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 18
2.2 Diversity, formation, and variability of loricae .......... 19
2.3 Ultrastructure of loricae ................................. 32
2.4 Chemical composition of loricae ........................... 35
2.5 Lorica sedimentation ...................................... 40
2.6 Key points ................................................ 41
Acknowledgments ........................................... 41
CHAPTER 3 SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION OF TINTINNID CILIATES ..... 42
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 43
3.2 History of tintinnid taxonomy and systematics ............. 44
3.3 Evolution of tintinnids ................................... 49
3.4 How to read the tintinnid cladogram ....................... 64
3.5 Molecular analysis and comparison with morphologic data ... 69
3.6 Systematics ............................................... 75
3.7 Comparison with the evolution of related planktonic
ciliates: the aloricate choreotrichids, oligotrichids,
and halteriids ............................................ 81
3.8 Key points ................................................ 83
Acknowledgments ........................................... 84
CHAPTER 4 ECOPHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF TINTINNIDS ............ 85
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 86
4.2 Feeding ................................................... 86
4.3 Growth .................................................... 99
4.4 Swimming behavior ........................................ 106
4.5 Response to abiotic factors and interactions with
biotic factors ........................................... 111
4.6 Tintinnids as models and in models ....................... 114
4.7 Key points ............................................... 121
Acknowledgments .......................................... 121
CHAPTER 5 PREDATORS OF TINTINNIDS ............................ 122
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 123
5.2 Predators of tintinnids .................................. 133
5.3 Anti-predator defenses of tintinnids ..................... 141
5.4 Top-down control of tintinnids ........................... 142
5.5 Importance of tintinnids as prey for the predator ........ 143
5.6 Tintinnids as vectors for algal toxins ................... 143
5.7 Key points ............................................... 144
Acknowledgments .......................................... 144
CHAPTER 6 PARASITES OF TINTINNIDS ............................ 145
6.1 Background ............................................... 146
6.2 Dinoflagellate parasites: morphology and infection
cycle .................................................... 149
6.3 Molecular evolution of dinoflagellates parasitizing
tintinnids ............................................... 160
6.4 Ecology of tintinnid parasites ........................... 165
6.5 Summary and future directions ............................ 169
6.6 Key points ............................................... 169
Acknowledgments .......................................... 170
CHAPTER 7 COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY OF TINTINNID CYSTS ............. 171
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 172
7.2 Morphology ............................................... 173
7.3 Encystment and excystment ................................ 176
7.4 Ecological function of cysts ............................. 182
7.5 Key points ............................................... 184
Acknowledgments .......................................... 185
CHAPTER 8 FOSSIL TINTINNIDS .................................. 186
8.1 Introduction: a paucity of data .......................... 187
8.2 Proterozoic tintinnids: no evidence of a beginning ....... 187
8.3 Paleozoic tintinnid reports: too thin to know ............ 191
8.4 Mesozoic tintinnids and calpionellids: same shape,
different composition .................................... 191
8.5 Cenozoic tintinnids: sparse .............................. 192
8.6 Organic and agglutinated phanerozoic fossils: the most
likely candidates ........................................ 193
8.7 Conclusions and perspectives ............................. 195
8.8 Key points ............................................... 197
Acknowledgments .......................................... 197
CHAPTER 9 TINTINNIDS IN MICROZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES ......... 198
9.1 Ecology of microzooplankton .............................. 199
9.2 Quantitative importance of tintinnids in
microzooplankton assemblages ............................. 205
9.3 Characteristics that set tintinnids apart from other
microzooplankton ......................................... 211
9.4 Key points ............................................... 212
Acknowledgments .......................................... 213
CHAPTER 10 DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF TINTINNIDS .......... 214
10.1 Introduction ............................................. 215
10.2 Biogeography ............................................. 215
10.3 Assemblages of coastal systems ........................... 233
10.4 Assemblages of open waters ............................... 239
10.5 Key points ............................................... 241
Acknowledgments .......................................... 243
REFERENCES .................................................. 244
ORGANISM INDEX ................................................ 288
SUBJECT INDEX ................................................. 293
The color plate section can be found between pages 136 and 137
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