List of Figures and Tables .................................... vii
Acknowledgements ............................................... xi
Chapter 1 The Journey East ..................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.2 The Palaeolithic of Asia ................................... 3
1.3 Human Adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic ................. 5
Chapter 2 The Pleistocene Planet ............................... 8
2.1 Introduction ............................................... 8
2.2 The Quaternary Period ...................................... 9
2.3 Rapid Climate Change ...................................... 18
2.4 Conclusion ................................................ 24
Chapter 3 Hominin Dispersal beyond Africa during the Lower
and Middle Pleistocene ......................................... 25
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 25
3.2 Lower Pleistocene (2.58-0.775 Ma) Dispersals of
Anatomically Archaic Hominins ............................. 25
3.3 Middle Pleistocene (775—127 KBP) Dispersals of
Anatomically Archaic Homo ................................. 46
3.4 Dispersal Mechanisms: Faunal Turnovers, Carnivory
and Habitat Specificity ................................... 62
3.5 Conclusion ................................................ 66
Chapter 4 Regional Trajectories in Modern Human Behaviour ..... 68
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 68
4.2 The 'Human Revolution' in Europe .......................... 68
4.3 Modern Human Behaviour Beyond Europe ...................... 80
4.4 Conclusion ................................................ 84
Chapter 5 The Initial Upper Pleistocene Dispersal of Homo
sapiens Out of Africa .......................................... 85
5.1 Introduction .............................................. 85
5.2 MIS-5e (126-116 KBP) ...................................... 85
5.3 MIS-5d to the Last Termination (116-22 KBP) ............... 97
5.4 Conclusion ............................................... 139
Chapter 6 Climate, Dispersal and Technological Change
during the Last Termination and Early Holocene in Southeast
Asia .......................................................... 142
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 142
6.2 Regional Climate and Conditions across the Last
Termination (22-11.7KBP) ................................. 142
6.3 Genetic Evidence of Human Dispersal during the Last
Termination .............................................. 149
6.4 Technological Change ..................................... 150
6.5 Conclusion ............................................... 204
Chapter 7 Tropical Subsistence Strategies at the End of
the Last Glacial .............................................. 208
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 208
7.2 Northern Borneo: Niah Caves .............................. 210
7.3 Northern Vietnam: Trang An ............................... 232
7.4 Eastern Peninsular Malaysia: Gua Sagu and Gua Tenggek .... 251
7.5 Inter-Site Patterns of Subsistence through the Last
Termination and Early Holocene ........................... 261
7.6 Conclusion ............................................... 264
Chapter 8 Ex Levis Terra ..................................... 266
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 266
8.2 The Colonization of New Environments and the
Recolonization of Changing Ones .......................... 267
8.3 The Last Termination in Southeast Asia ................... 281
8.4 Discussion: Hominin Dispersal, Climate Change and
Behavioural Evolution .................................... 284
8.5 Conclusion ............................................... 288
Appendix ...................................................... 291
Bibliography .................................................. 307
Index ......................................................... 361
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