Foreword ...................................................... vii
Preface ........................................................ ix
Acknowledgments ............................................. xxiii
List of Figures .............................................. xxix
List of Tables ............................................. xxxiii
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
2 How Do We Reconstruct Hunting Patterns in the Past? .......... 5
2.1 Uniformitarianism in Paleoanthropology and Archaeology .. 6
2.2 Anthropological Bias in the Study of Hunter-
Gatherers .............................................. 11
2.3 Nutritional Bias in the Study of Hunter-Gatherers ...... 19
2.4 The Nature of the Archaeological Record ................ 26
3 Big-Game Hunting in Human Evolution: The Traditional View ... 39
4 The Other Side of Protein ................................... 45
4.1 The Great Protein Fiasco ............................... 45
4.2 Excess Protein and the Importance of Fat ............... 51
4.3 Historic Accounts of "Protein Poisoning" ............... 52
4.3.1 Fat in the Hippopotamus and Eland ............... 59
4.3.2 Fat in the Giraffe and Zebra .................... 66
4.4 Ethnographic Accounts of "Protein Poisoning" ........... 71
4.5 The Stefansson Experiments ............................. 72
4.6 Pemmican ............................................... 72
4.7 What Constitutes an Excessive Intake of Protein? ....... 76
5 Were Big-Game Hunters Targeting Fat? ........................ 87
5.1 Hadza Hunting Success .................................. 88
5.2 Bushman (San) Hunting Success .......................... 89
5.3 Alternative Foods Available to the San ................. 95
5.4 Alternative Foods Available to the Hadza .............. 104
6 Protein and Pregnancy ...................................... 109
7 Other Problems with High-Protein Intakes ................... 113
7.1 Water Balance ......................................... 113
7.2 Calcium ............................................... 114
7.3 Specific Dynamic Action ............................... 115
7.4 Core Body Temperature ................................. 116
8 Protein and Taste .......................................... 119
8.1 Umami ................................................. 120
8.2 Raw Meat: Steak Tartare and Frozen Meat ............... 122
8.3 Prey Body Size and Total Fat Content .................. 125
9 Protein and Breast Milk .................................... 129
10 Fat in Infancy ............................................. 133
11 DHA and the Developing Brain ............................... 135
12 Big-Game Hunting: Protein, Fat, or Politics? ............... 149
References .................................................... 163
Index ......................................................... 223
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