List of Figures, Tables and Boxes .............................. ix
Foreword ..................................................... xvii
Acknowledgements
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................. xx
Introduction .................................................. xxi
Purpose of this book: How can monitoring contribute to
forest biodiversity conservation?
Structure and scope of the book
PART I: THE CONTEXT OF MONITORING FOREST BIODIVERSITY
1 Biodiversity Conservation in Human-modified and Managed
Forests ...................................................... 1
Biodiversity in logged forests
Biodiversity in regenerating forests
Biodiversity in agroforestry systems
Biodiversity in tree plantations
An ecosystem approach to forest conservation
2 The Origins and Development of Ecologically Responsible
Forest Management ........................................... 17
The origins of sustainable forest management (SFM)
Sustainable forest management as a guiding vision versus
a measurable standard
Criteria and indicators in forest management
3 The Need for Forest Biodiversity Monitoring ................. 33
Scientific uncertainty and biodiversity conservation in
human-modified forest ecosystems
The purpose of biodiversity monitoring as a guide to
management
4 A Typology of Approaches and Indicators for Monitoring
Forest Biodiversity ......................................... 41
Monitoring approaches Monitoring indicators
PART II: CHALLENGES FACING FOREST BIODIVERSITY MONITORING
5 Challenges to Monitoring: Problems of Purpose ............... 57
The challenge of setting conservation goals and objectives
as a basis for management and monitoring
A growing crisis of credibility in the value and purpose
of monitoring
The importance of definitions and terminology to provide
clarity of purpose
6 Challenges to Monitoring: Problems of Design ................ 67
The challenge of selecting appropriate indicators for
biodiversity monitoring
Setting management objectives and interpreting indicator
change in biodiversity monitoring programmes
7 Challenges to Monitoring: Problems of Reality ............... 89
Adaptive forest management
Challenges to monitoring from governance and regulatory
institutions Cultural challenges to monitoring
PART III: AN OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR MONITORING FOREST
BIODIVERSITY
8 Clarifying Purpose: An Operational Framework for
Monitoring Forest Biodiversity .............................. 99
Understanding the role of different monitoring approaches
in forest management
Understanding the role of different indicators in the
monitoring process
Bringing it all together: Implementing an operational
framework for biodiversity monitoring as a guide to
responsible forest management
9 Setting Conservation Goals for Biodiversity Monitoring ..... 113
Stakeholders and the value of biodiversity
Managing to conserve species and maintain ecological
integrity
Selecting indicators to validate changes in forest
condition
Selecting a reference condition to guide forest
biodiversity monitoring
10 Setting Objectives for Biodiversity Monitoring ............. 125
Biodiversity conservation research and monitoring in
modified forest systems: an assessment of work to date
Selecting high priority research objectives for
biodiversity monitoring
11 Selecting Indicators of Forest Structure to Assess
Management Performance ..................................... 149
Indicators of forest structure at the stand scale
Indicators of forest structure at the landscape scale
Selecting forest structural indicators
Bringing it all together: a general framework for
selecting structural indicators
12 Selecting Biological Indicators and Target Species to
Evaluate Progress Towards Conservation Goals ............... 171
A framework for selecting ecological disturbance
indicator groups The contribution of individual target
species to biodiversity monitoring
13 Making Assumptions Explicit: The Value of Conceptual
Modelling in Biodiversity Monitoring ....................... 199
Distinguishing the role of conceptual frameworks and
models in biodiversity monitoring
The value of conceptual models in articulating
cause-effect relationships for biodiversity monitoring
programmes
Building conceptual models for biodiversity monitoring
A summary of the role of conceptual models in
biodiversity monitoring
14 Sampling Design and Data Collection in Biodiversity
Monitoring ................................................. 223
Step 1: Clarify the research objective
Step 2: Clarify the spatial and temporal scope
Step 3: Think about experimental design
Step 4: Think about confounding factors
Step 5: Specify independent sample units
Step 6: Select appropriate variables for measuring
change in biological indicators and target
species
Step 7: Select additional environmental variables
Step 8: Select sampling method(s)
Step 9: Decide on an appropriate level of independent
sample replication
Step 10: Decide on an appropriate level of sub-sampling
Step 11: Evaluate whether the time-frame available for
monitoring is adequate
Step 12: Evaluate whether necessary resources and
expertise are available
Step 13: Think hard about how to analyse the data
before it is collected
Step 14: Preserve data integrity through careful
recording and storage
Step 15: Be prepared to adapt
15 Analysis and Interpretation of Biodiversity Data ........... 257
Describing biodiversity
Detecting change and assessing management performance
Evaluating change and validating management performance
Analysing biodiversity data in context: The importance
of multiple management objectives and trade-offs
16 Putting Forest Biodiversity Monitoring to Work ............. 291
The importance of people
Making biodiversity monitoring programmes viable and
effective in the long term
The way ahead
Index ......................................................... 351
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