Series Preface ............................................... xiii
Acknowledgements ............................................... xv
List of Contributors ......................................... xvii
1 Introduction to Thermochemical Processing of Biomass
into Fuels, Chemicals, and Power ............................. 1
Robert C. Brown
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 Direct Combustion ....................................... 5
1.3 Gasification ............................................ 6
1.4 Fast Pyrolysis .......................................... 7
1.5 Hydrothermal Processing ................................. 8
1.6 Hydrolysis to Sugars .................................... 9
1.7 Technoeconomic Analysis ................................ 10
References .................................................. 10
2 Biomass Combustion .......................................... 13
Bryan M. Jenkins, Larry L. Baxter and Jaap Koppejan
Nomenclature ................................................ 13
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 14
2.2 Combustion Systems ..................................... 15
2.3 Fundamentals of Biomass Combustion ..................... 23
2.4 Pollutant Emissions and Environmental Impacts .......... 35
References .................................................. 41
3 Gasification ................................................ 47
Richard L. Bain and Karl Broer
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 47
3.2 Fundamentals of Gasification ........................... 48
3.3 Feed Properties ........................................ 51
3.4 Classifying Gasifiers According to Method of Heating ... 54
3.5 Classifying Gasifiers According to Transport
Processes .............................................. 58
3.6 Pressurized Gasification ............................... 63
3.7 Product Composition .................................... 64
3.8 System Applications .................................... 68
References .................................................. 74
4 Syngas Cleanup, Conditioning, and Utilization ............... 78
David C. Dayton, Brian Turk and Raghubir Gupta
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 78
4.2 Syngas Cleanup and Conditioning ........................ 79
4.3 Syngas Utilization ..................................... 89
4.4 Summary and Conclusions ............................... 111
References ................................................. 115
5 Fast Pyrolysis ............................................. 124
Robbie H. Venderbosch and Wolter Prins
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 124
5.2 Bio-oil Properties .................................... 128
5.3 Fast Pyrolysis Process Technologies ................... 134
5.4 Bio-oil Fuel Applications ............................. 143
5.5 Chemicals from Bio-oil ................................ 150
5.6 Concluding Remarks .................................... 152
Acknowledgements ........................................... 153
References ................................................. 153
6 Upgrading Fast Pyrolysis Liquids ........................... 157
Anthony V. Bridgwater
6.1 Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis and Bio-oil ............ 157
6.2 Liquid Characteristics and Quality .................... 159
6.3 Significant Factors Affecting Characteristics ......... 159
6.4 Norms and Standards ................................... 165
6.5 Bio-oil Upgrading ..................................... 165
6.6 Chemical and Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil ........... 172
References ................................................. 188
7 Hydrothermal Processing .................................... 200
Douglas C. Elliott
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 200
7.2 Background ............................................ 202
7.3 Fundamentals .......................................... 203
7.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction ............................. 205
7.5 Hydrothermal Gasification ............................. 217
7.6 Pumping Biomass into Hydrothermal Processing Systems .. 223
7.7 Conclusions of Hydrothermal Processing ................ 226
References ................................................. 226
8 Catalytic Conversion of Sugars to Fuels .................... 232
Geoffrey A. Tompsett, Ning Li and George W. Huber
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 232
8.2 Chemistry of Sugars ................................... 238
8.3 Hydrogen from Sugars .................................. 242
8.4 Sugar to Light Alkanes ................................ 249
8.5 Sugars to Oxygenates .................................. 254
8.6 Sugars to Larger Alkanes .............................. 261
8.7 Sugar Conversion to Aromatics ......................... 269
8.8 Conclusions and Summary ............................... 271
Acknowledgements ........................................... 272
References ................................................. 272
9 Hybrid Processing .......................................... 280
Dong Won Choi, Alan A. DiSpirito, David C. Chipman and
Robert C. Brown
9.1 Introduction ......................................... 280
9.2 Syngas Fermentation ................................... 282
9.3 Bio-oil Fermentation .................................. 295
References ................................................. 299
10 Costs of Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Power
and Liquid Fuels ........................................... 307
Mark M. Wright and Robert C. Brown
10.1 Introduction ......................................... 307
10.2 Electric Power Generation ............................ 308
10.3 Liquid Fuels via Gasification ........................ 309
10.4 Liquid Fuels via Fast Pyrolysis ...................... 316
10.5 Summary and Conclusions .............................. 319
References ................................................. 321
Index ......................................................... 323
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