Preface to the Third Edition .................................. xix
Preface to the First Edition .................................. xxi
Author ...................................................... xxiii
Common Conversion Factors Used in Coal Technology ............. xxv
PART I Character and Properties
Chapter 1 Occurrence and Resources ............................. 9
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 9
1.2 History ................................................... 12
1.3 Rock Environment .......................................... 14
1.4 Seam Structure ............................................ 19
1.5 Reserves .................................................. 25
1.6 Resources ................................................. 30
References ..................................................... 34
Chapter 2 Classification ...................................... 37
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 37
2.2 Classification Systems .................................... 38
2.3 Correlation of the Various Systems ........................ 56
2.4 Epilogue .................................................. 56
References ..................................................... 58
Chapter 3 An Organic Sediment ................................. 59
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 59
3.2 Precursors of Coal ........................................ 62
3.3 Coal-Forming Processes .................................... 82
3.4 Heteroatoms in Coal ....................................... 92
3.5 Epilogue .................................................. 97
References ..................................................... 98
Chapter 4 An Organic Rock .................................... 101
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 101
4.2 Physical Structure ....................................... 104
4.3 Petrology ................................................ 105
4.4 Petrography .............................................. 106
4.5 Petrology, Petrography, and Behavior ..................... 122
References .................................................... 125
Chapter 5 Recovery ........................................... 129
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 129
5.2 Exploratory Drilling Equipment and Techniques ............ 130
5.3 Mining ................................................... 135
References .................................................... 152
Chapter 6 Preparation, Transportation, and Storage ........... 155
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 155
6.2 Coal Preparation ......................................... 158
6.3 Size Reduction ........................................... 161
6.4 Coal Cleaning ............................................ 170
6.5 Coal Drying .............................................. 177
6.6 Desulfurization .......................................... 178
6.7 Coal Sampling ............................................ 180
6.8 Transportation ........................................... 181
6.9 Storage .................................................. 185
References .................................................... 190
Chapter 7 Mineral Matter ..................................... 193
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 193
7.2 Origin of Mineral Matter in Coal ......................... 194
7.3 Occurrence ............................................... 196
7.4 Mineral Types ............................................ 198
7.5 Classification ........................................... 202
7.6 Evaluation of Mineral Matter ............................. 203
7.7 Chemistry of Ash Formation ............................... 208
7.8 Effect of Mineral Matter in Coal ......................... 210
References .................................................... 211
Chapter 8 Coal Analysis ...................................... 215
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 215
8.2 Sampling ................................................. 218
8.3 Proximate Analysis ....................................... 225
8.4 Ultimate Analysis (Elemental Analysis) ................... 232
8.5 Calorific Value .......................................... 236
8.6 Reporting Coal Analyses .................................. 237
8.7 Precision and Accuracy ................................... 240
8.8 Interrelationships of Analytical and Physical Data ....... 241
References .................................................... 245
Chapter 9 Coal Properties ................................... 251
9.1 Introduction ............................................. 251
9.2 Physical Properties ...................................... 252
9.3 Mechanical Properties .................................... 261
9.4 Thermal Properties ....................................... 268
9.5 Electrical Properties .................................... 277
9.6 Epilogue ................................................. 279
References .................................................... 279
Chapter 10 Organic Constituents ............................... 283
10.1 Introduction ............................................. 283
10.2 Solvent Extraction ....................................... 284
10.3 Chemical Methods ......................................... 292
10.4 Spectroscopic Methods .................................... 294
10.5 Physical Property Methods ................................ 305
10.6 Heteroatoms .............................................. 310
10.7 Molecular Weight ......................................... 315
10.8 Assessment of Coal Structure ............................. 318
References .................................................... 332
Chapter 11 Solvent Extraction ................................. 337
11.1 Introduction ............................................. 337
11.2 Physicochemical Concepts ................................. 341
11.3 Action of Specific Solvents .............................. 344
11.4 Composition of the Extracts .............................. 348
11.5 Solvolysis ............................................... 350
11.6 Solvent Swelling of Coal ................................. 353
11.7 Epilogue ................................................. 354
References .................................................... 355
Chapter 12 Chemical Reactivity ................................ 359
12.1 Introduction ............................................. 359
12.2 Reactions with Oxygen (or Air) ........................... 361
12.3 Reactions with Oxidants .................................. 369
12.4 Bacterial Oxidation of Coal .............................. 370
12.5 Hydrogenation ............................................ 372
12.6 Halogenation ............................................. 378
12.7 Alkylation ............................................... 379
12.8 Depolymerization ......................................... 381
12.9 Hydrolysis ............................................... 382
12.10 Miscellaneous Reactions ................................. 382
References .................................................... 386
Chapter 13 Thermal Reactivity ................................. 391
13.1 Introduction ............................................. 391
13.2 Thermal Decomposition Processes .......................... 391
13.3 Physicochemical Aspects .................................. 400
References .................................................... 419
PART II Technology and Utilization
Chapter 14 Combustion ......................................... 431
14.1 Introduction ............................................. 431
14.2 Chemistry and Physics .................................... 432
14.3 Combustion Systems ....................................... 448
14.4 Coal-Liquid Mixtures ..................................... 465
14.5 Coal Combustion Products ................................. 470
References .................................................... 472
Chapter 15 Electric Power Generation .......................... 475
15.1 Introduction ............................................. 475
15.2 Electricity from Coal .................................... 475
15.3 Steam Generation ......................................... 487
15.4 Power Plant Waste ........................................ 489
15.5 Coal-Water Fuels ......................................... 493
15.6 Air Pollution Control Devices ............................ 493
15.7 Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies .................. 495
References .................................................... 497
Chapter 16 Carbonization ...................................... 499
16.1 Introduction ............................................. 499
16.2 Physicochemical Aspects .................................. 500
16.3 Process Concepts ......................................... 510
16.4 Coal Tar ................................................. 516
16.5 Coke ..................................................... 518
16.6 Charcoal ................................................. 519
References .................................................... 521
Chapter 17 Briquetting and Pelletizing ........................ 525
17.1 Introduction ............................................. 525
17.2 General Concepts ......................................... 526
17.3 Briquetting Technology ................................... 528
17.4 Charcoal Briquettes ...................................... 531
17.5 Bio-Briquettes ........................................... 534
17.6 Briquette Properties ..................................... 537
17.7 Processes ................................................ 540
17.8 Pelletizing .............................................. 541
References .................................................... 543
Chapter 18 Liquefaction ....................................... 545
18.1 Introduction ............................................. 545
18.2 Physicochemical Aspects .................................. 545
18.3 Process Classification ................................... 551
18.4 Reactors ................................................. 557
18.5 Products ................................................. 559
References .................................................... 573
Chapter 19 Liquefaction Processes ............................. 579
19.1 Introduction ............................................. 579
19.2 Pyrolysis Processes ...................................... 579
19.3 Solvent Extraction Processes ............................. 585
19.4 Catalytic Liquefaction Processes ......................... 592
19.5 Indirect Liquefaction Processes .......................... 598
19.6 Coal Liquids Refinery .................................... 604
References .................................................... 605
Chapter 20 Gasification ....................................... 607
20.1 Introduction ............................................. 607
20.2 Gaseous Products ......................................... 608
20.3 Physicochemical Aspects .................................. 613
20.4 Process Types and Reactors ............................... 618
20.5 Gasification of Coal with Biomass and Waste .............. 622
20.6 Underground Gasification ................................. 623
20.7 Environmental Aspects .................................... 625
References .................................................... 631
Chapter 21 Gasification Processes ............................. 635
21.1 Introduction ............................................. 635
21.2 Fixed-Bed Processes ...................................... 635
21.3 Fluidized-Bed Processes .................................. 642
21.4 Entrained-Bed Processes .................................. 651
21.5 Molten Salt Processes .................................... 655
21.6 Underground Gasification ................................. 657
References .................................................... 661
Chapter 22 Clean Coal Technologies ............................ 663
22.1 Introduction ............................................. 663
22.2 Historical Perspectives .................................. 667
22.3 Modern Perspectives ...................................... 668
22.4 Clean Coal Technology .................................... 671
22.5 Managing Wastes from Coal Use ............................ 688
22.6 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration ................. 689
References .................................................... 693
Chapter 23 Gas Cleaning ....................................... 697
23.1 Introduction ............................................. 697
23.2 Environmental Legislation ................................ 701
23.3 General Aspects .......................................... 701
23.4 Particulate Matter Removal ............................... 704
23.5 Acid Gas Removal ......................................... 707
23.6 Removal of Sulfur-Containing Gases ....................... 711
23.7 Removal of Nitrogen-Containing Gases ..................... 713
References .................................................... 714
Chapter 24 Chemicals from Coal ................................ 717
24.1 Historical Aspects ....................................... 717
24.2 Coal Tar Chemicals ....................................... 718
24.3 Fischer-Tropsch Chemicals ................................ 722
24.4 Chemicals from Methane ................................... 724
References .................................................... 726
Chapter 25 Environmental Aspects of Coal Use .................. 729
25.1 Introduction ............................................. 729
25.2 Production ............................................... 730
25.3 Preparation .............................................. 738
25.4 Transportation and Storage ............................... 740
25.5 Combustion ............................................... 742
25.6 Carbonization ............................................ 750
25.7 Liquefaction ............................................. 752
25.8 Gasification ............................................. 755
25.9 Clean Coal Technologies .................................. 756
References .................................................... 759
Chapter 26 Coal and Energy Security ........................... 763
26.1 Introduction ............................................. 763
26.2 Energy Security .......................................... 765
26.3 National Energy Plan and Coal Utilization ................ 769
26.4 Electric Power Generation ................................ 770
26.5 Hydrogen from Coal ....................................... 772
26.6 Energy Security and Sustainable Development .............. 773
References .................................................... 777
Glossary ...................................................... 779
Index ......................................................... 809
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