Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................... 1
Chapter 2 Industrial Carbons
2.1 Carbon Black ............................................... 4
2.2 Activated Carbon ........................................... 6
2.3 Carbon Nanomaterials ....................................... 8
2.4 Fullerenes ................................................. 9
2.5 Diamond and Graphite ...................................... 10
Chapter 3 Hydroprocessing Catalysts
3.1 Structure and Chemical Composition ........................ 12
3.1.1 Co(Ni)-Mo(W)-S Phase ............................... 13
3.1.2 Co-Mo-C(S) Phase ................................... 15
3.1.3 Effect of Support .................................. 16
3.2 Physical Properties ....................................... 18
Chapter 4 Hydrogen Adsorption, Activation and Transfer by
Carbons
4.1 Involvement of Carbons .................................... 22
4.2 Combined Effect of Carbon and Active Metals ............... 30
4.2.1 Conventional Metals ................................ 30
4.2.2 Noble-Metal Catalysts .............................. 37
Chapter 5 Catalytic Activity of Carbons
5.1 Model Feeds ............................................... 41
5.2 Real Feeds ................................................ 44
Chapter 6 Carbon-Supported Catalysts
6.1 Preparation of Carbon-Supported Catalysts ................. 48
6.1.1 Pretreatment of Carbon Supports .................... 48
6.1.2 Loading of Metals on Carbon Supports ............... 51
6.2 Characterization of Carbon-Supported Catalysts ............ 55
6.2.1 Spectroscopic Studies .............................. 55
6.2.1.1 Conventional Active Metals ................ 56
6.2.1.2 Nonconventional Active Metals ............. 60
6.2.2 Adsorption/Desorption Methods ...................... 63
6.3 Activity of Carbon-Supported Catalysts .................... 63
6.3.1 Conventional Catalysts ............................. 71
6.3.1.1 Testing Using Model Compounds ............. 71
6.3.1.2 Petroleum Feeds ........................... 83
6.3.1.3 Coal-derived Liquids (CDL) ................ 87
6.3.1.4 Biocrude Components ....................... 89
6.3.1.5 Uncommon Feeds ............................ 92
6.3.2 Nonconventional Active Phases ...................... 92
6.3.2.1 Model Feeds ............................... 92
6.3.2.2 Real Feeds ............................... 101
6.3.3 In-situ made Carbon-Supported Catalysts ........... 103
Chapter 7 Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydroprocessing
Reactions over Carbon and Carbon-Supported Catalysts
7.1 Kinetics ................................................. 105
7.1.1 Model Feeds ....................................... 106
7.1.2 Petroleum Feeds ................................... 109
7.1.3 Biofeeds .......................................... 111
7.2 Mechanism ................................................ 113
7.2.1 HYD of Aromatics .................................. 114
7.2.2 HDS Reactions ..................................... 115
7.2.3 HDN Reactions ..................................... 118
7.2.4 HDO Reactions ..................................... 122
7.2.5 HDM Reactions ..................................... 123
Chapter 8 Catalyst Deactivation
8.1 Deactivation Involving Model Feeds ....................... 127
8.2 Deactivation Involving Real Feeds ........................ 131
Chapter 9 Patent Literature .................................. 135
Chapter 10 Conclusions ........................................ 137
References .................................................... 139
Subject Index ................................................. 151
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