LIST OF FIGURES ............................................... XII
LIST OF TABLES ................................................ XIX
PREFACE
OFER BAR-YOSEF AND BERNARD VANDERMEERSCH .................... XXIII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... XXV
REFERENCES ................................................... XXVI
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction: The Framework of the Project ...................... l
Ofer Bar-Yosef and Bernard Vandermeersch
THE INITIAL GOALS OF THE PROJECT ................................ 1
THE PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL DEBATE ................................. 3
ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND CULTURAL DEFINITIONS ............ 5
THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE LATE MIDDLE AND UPPER PLEISTOCENE ......... 9
SUMMARY ........................................................ 11
REFERENCES ..................................................... 12
CHAPTER TWO
History of the Excavations at Kebara Cave ...................... 23
Ofer Bar-Yosef and Bernard Vandermeersch
THE LOCATION OF KEBARA CAVE AND ITS ENVIRONMENT ................ 23
THE 193t EXCAVATIONS BY F. TURVILLE-PETRE ...................... 25
THE EXCAVATIONS OF M. STEKELIS ................................. 28
AIMS AND FIELD TECHNIQUES OF THE RECENT EXCAVATIONS (1982-
1990) .......................................................... 33
REFERENCES ..................................................... 36
CHAPTER THREE
INTEGRATING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE TWO
PROJECTS ....................................................... 39
Ofer Bar-Yosef and Liliane Meignen
DESIGNING THE EXCAVATION STRATEGY .............................. 39
THE HORIZONTAL EXCAVATION: THE DÉCAPAGE ........................ 43
THE COMPLEX STRATIGRAPHY: INTEGRATING OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING
THE MIDDLE AND UPPER PALEOLITHIC DEPOSITS ...................... 44
LESSON FOR THE FUTURE .......................................... 47
REFERENCES ..................................................... 47
STRATIGRAPHY AND GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF KEBARA CAVE,
MOUNT CARMEL ................................................... 49
Paul Goldberg, Henri Laville, Liliane Meignen, and Ofer
Bar-Yosef
CHAPTER FOUR
INTRODUCTION ................................................... 49
DEPOSITS AND STRAT1GRAPHIC FRAMEWORK ........................... 49
WESTERN SECTOR ................................................. 50
ENSEMBLE 6 (UNITS XVI AND XV) .................................. 54
UNIT XVI ....................................................... 54
UNIT XV ........................................................ 55
ENSEMBLE 5 (UNIT XIV) .......................................... 56
ENSEMBLE 2 (UNITS XIII TO VII) ................................. 58
UNIT XIII ...................................................... 58
UNITS VII THROUGH XII .......................................... 59
ENTRANCE SECTOR ................................................ 60
ENSEMBLE 1 (UNITS VI, V VR) .................................... 60
SUMMARY OF THE ENTRANCE AREA ................................... 64
EXTERIOR SOUNDING .............................................. 65
FISSURE FILLING ................................................ 65
SUMMARY FOR WESTERN SECTOR ..................................... 65
NORTHERN SECTOR ................................................ 66
WESTERN PART ................................................... 66
EASTERN SECTOR ................................................. 67
NORTHEASTERN SECTOR (SQUARES F-H/1 0-1 2) ...................... 67
THE DÉCAPAGE ................................................... 68
SOUTHERN AND EASTERN SECTORS ................................... 69
SOUTHWEST CORNER ............................................... 69
SOUTH PROFILE .................................................. 72
THE EASTERN SECTOR ............................................. 75
MOUSTERIAN DEPOSITS EXPOSED EAST OF THE DÉCAPAGE ............... 75
MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC AND UPPER PALEOLITHIC DEPOSITS IN THE
EAST PROFILE ................................................... 78
MIDDLE AND UPPER PALEOLITHIC SEDIMENTS IN THE NORTHEAST
SECTOR ......................................................... 79
SUMMARY OF EAST SECTOR ......................................... 81
GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL HISTORY AT KEBARA ............................ 82
STAGE 1: ACCUMULATION OF BASAL SEDIMENTS ....................... 82
STAGE 2: EARLY SUBSIDENCE EVENT ................................ 82
STAGE 3: ACCUMULATION OF SEDIMENTS FROM ENSEMBLE 2 (UNITS
XIII-VII) ...................................................... 83
STAGE 4: EARLY SLUMPING EVENTS ................................. 83
STAGE 5: THE MAJOR SUBSIDENCE EVENT AND FILLING OF THE
DEPRESSION ..................................................... 84
PHOSPHATIZATION ................................................ 86
CONCLUSION ..................................................... 87
CHAPTER FIVE
REFERENCES ..................................................... 88
THE HEARTHS AT KEBARA CAVE AND THEIR ROLE IN SITE FORMATION
PROCESSES ...................................................... 91
Liliane Meignen, Paul Goldberg, and Ofer Bar-Yosef
INTRODUCTION ................................................... 91
KEBARA CAVE .................................................... 93
MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES
OF STRUCTURES AND THEIR INTERPRETATIONS ........................ 94
INTACT HEARTHS ................................................. 94
MEDIUM-SIZED HEARTHS ........................................... 96
LARGE-SIZED HEARTHS ............................................ 98
SUPERPOSITION OF SMALL, IN SITU AREAS OF COMBUSTION ............ 99
LARGE ACCUMULATIONS OF EXCLUSIVELY WHITE ASHES ................. 99
WHITE, CONTINUOUS GRANULAR, CLAY-RICH ASHY LAYERS RICH IN
BONE AND TOOLS ................................................ 100
POSSIBLE SECONDARY AREAS OF COMBUSTION ........................ 100
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ..................................... 101
REFERENCES .................................................... 104
APPENDIX 5A: MICROSCOPIC CRITERIA OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
FEATURES ...................................................... 107
MEDIUM-SIZED HEARTHS .......................................... 108
SAMPLE 90-1 ................................................... 108
SAMPLE 83-4 ................................................... 108
SAMPLE 84-29 .................................................. 110
LARGE-SIZED HEARTHS ........................................... 110
SAMPLE 96-12 .................................................. 110
SAMPLE 96-13 .................................................. 110
SUPERPOSITION OF SMALL IN SITU AREAS OF COMBUSTION ............ 112
SAMPLE 84-26 .................................................. 112
SAMPLE 89-19 .................................................. 113
SAMPLE 84-28(1) ............................................... 114
MASSIVE ACCUMULATION OF WHITE ASH LAYERS ...................... 115
SAMPLE 89-18 .................................................. 115
WHITE, CONTINUOUS, GRANULAR, CLAY-RICH ASHY LAYERS ............ 116
SAMPLE 85-6 ................................................... 116
SAMPLE 90-6 ................................................... 116
POSSIBLE SECONDARY AREAS OF COMBUSTION ........................ 118
SAMPLE 89-4 ................................................... 118
SAMPLE 85-28 .................................................. 119
SAMPLE 85-25 .................................................. 119
SAMPLE 96-5B .................................................. 121
SAMPLE 96-6A .................................................. 122
AN ARCHAEOMAGNETIC STUDY OF TWO HEARTHS FROM KEBARA CAVE,
ISRAEL ........................................................ 123
Rob Sternberg and Egon H.E. Lass
CHAPTER SIX
INTRODUCTION .................................................. 123
METHODS ....................................................... 123
RESULTS ....................................................... 124
ROCK MAGNETISM ................................................ 124
PALEOMAGNETISM ................................................ 125
DISCUSSION .................................................... 126
REFERENCES .................................................... 128
MINERAL DISTRIBUTIONS IN KEBARA CAVE: DIAGENESIS AND ITS
AFFECT ON THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD ........................... 131
Steve Weiner, Francesco Berna, Illit Cohen-Ofri, Ruth
Shahack-Gross, Rosa Maria Albert, Panagiotis Karkanas,
Liliane Meignen, and Ofer Bar-Yosef
CHAPTER SEVEN
INTRODUCTION .................................................. 131
THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE PRIMARY CONSTITUENTS ................. 132
ARTIFACTS ..................................................... 132
BONES ......................................................... 132
HEARTHS, ASH, AND CHARCOAL .................................... 133
PHYTOLITHS .................................................... 134
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SECONDARY COMPONENTS ...................... 135
THE STABILITY FIELD CONCEPT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR BONE
DIAGENESIS .................................................... 139
THE EARLY DIAGENESIS MODEL: THE IMPORTANCE OF DEGRADING
ORGANIC MATTER AND HYDROLOGY .................................. 141
ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ................................... 141
PERIODS OF OCCUPATION AND NON-OCCUPATION ...................... 141
ASH FORMATION AND DISSOLUTION ................................. 142
Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel
BONE PRESERVATION ............................................. 142
THE ARCHAEOBOTANICAL RECORD ................................... 143
IMPLICATIONS FOR TL AND ESR DATING ............................ 143
CONCLUDING COMMENT ............................................ 144
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 144
REFERENCES .................................................... 144
USE OF PLANT MATERIALS IN KEBARA CAVE: PHYTOLITHS AND
MINERALOGICAL ANALYSES ........................................ 147
Rosa Maria Albert, Ofer Bar-Yosef, and Steve Weiner
CHAPTER EIGHT
INTRODUCTION .................................................. 147
MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................... 148
CHOICE OF SAMPLES ............................................. 148
METHODS ....................................................... 149
RESULTS ....................................................... 151
MINERALOGY .................................................... 151
PHYTOLITHS .................................................... 154
DISCUSSION .................................................... 158
PHYTOLITH PRESERVATION ........................................ 158
PHYTOLITH ANALYSES ............................................ 160
CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 162
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 162
REFERENCES .................................................... 162
THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC OCCUPATIONS AT KEBARA CAVE: A FAUNAL
PERSPECTIVE ................................................... 165
John D. Speth and Eitan Tchernov
CHAPTER NINE
INTRODUCTION .................................................. 165
BACKGROUND AND METHODS ........................................ 165
TAPHONOMY ..................................................... 171
HUNTING VERSUS SCAVENGING ..................................... 180
UNGULATE MORTALITY PATTERNS ................................... 180
TRANSPORT PATTERNS ............................................ 186
THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC OCCUPATIONS AT KEBARA CAVE ............. 192
MAJOR PREY SPECIES ............................................ 193
SEX RATIOS AND SEASONALITY .................................... 200
TRANSPORT AND PROCESSING ...................................... 209
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION .......................................... 221
TEMPORAL CHANGE ............................................... 226
TORTOISES ..................................................... 239
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................... 243
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 245
REFERENCES .................................................... 246
CHAPTER TEN
CEMENTUM INCREMENT ANALYSIS OF UNGULATE TEETH FROM THE
KEBARA CAVE FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES: DISCRIMINATING SEASONAL
SIGNALS FROM THEIR DIAGENETIC MIMICS .......................... 261
Aaron Jonas Stutz and Daniel E. Lieberman
INTRODUCTION .................................................. 261
BACKGROUND .................................................... 262
BIOLOGICAL BASIS .............................................. 262
METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES ..................................... 264
VARIATION ..................................................... 265
DIAGENESIS .................................................... 265
CHEMICAL DIAGENESIS AND CEMENTUM IN KEBARA'S ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TEETH ......................................................... 265
MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................... 266
A CASE STUDY OF SPECIMEN K5665 ................................ 267
SAMPLE-WIDE PRESERVATION PATTERNS ............................. 269
DISCUSSION .................................................... 270
SEASONAL GAZELLE HUNTING IN THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC ............. 271
SEASONAL GAZELLE HUNTING IN THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC ............ 272
CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 274
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 275
REFERENCES .................................................... 275
CHAPTER ELEVEN
KEBARA CAVE: АN INTERIM SUMMARY ............................... 279
Ofer Bar-Yosef, Liliane Meignen, Paul Goldberg, and John
D. Speth
REFERENCES .................................................... 285
|
