Preface ........................................................ ix
1 Thermodynamic Concepts and Relationships ..................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 2
1.2 Thermodynamic Concepts and Relationships ................ 2
1.3 Thermodynamics of Single-Component Systems ............. 10
1.4 Thermodynamics of Multiple-Component Systems ........... 16
1.5 Thermodynamics of Alloys ............................... 21
1.6 Thermodynamics of Ideal Binary Solutions ............... 25
1.7 Thermodynamics of Non-Ideal Binary Solutions ........... 26
1.8 Experimental Determination of Thermodynamic
Quantities of Binary Alloys ............................ 34
Summary ..................................................... 36
Further Reading ............................................. 41
2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Solidification Processes in
Metals and Alloys ........................................... 42
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 42
2.2 Thermodynamics of Pure Metals .......................... 43
2.3 Thermodynamics of Binary Alloys ........................ 44
2.4 Equilibrium Between Phases in Binary Solutions. Phase
Diagrams of Binary Alloys .............................. 50
2.5 Driving Force of Solidification in Binary Alloys ....... 76
2.6 Thermodynamics of Ternary Alloys ....................... 78
2.7 Thermodynamics of Vacancies in Pure Metals and
Alloys ................................................. 83
Summary ..................................................... 90
Exercises ................................................... 94
References .................................................. 98
Further Reading ............................................. 98
3 Properties of Interfaces .................................... 99
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 99
3.2 Classical Theory of Interface Energy and Surface
Tension ............................................... 100
3.3 Thermodynamics of Interphases ......................... 114
3.4 Structures of Interfaces .............................. 123
3.5 Equilibrium Shapes of Crystals ........................ 145
Summary .................................................... 155
Exercises .................................................. 161
References ................................................. 165
4 Nucleation ................................................. 166
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 166
4.2 Homogeneous Nucleation ................................ 167
4.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation. Inoculation ................. 179
4.4 Nucleation of Bubbles ................................. 190
4.5 Crystal Multiplication ................................ 193
Summary .................................................... 194
Exercises .................................................. 197
References ................................................. 200
5 Crystal Growth in Vapours .................................. 201
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 202
5.2 Crystal Morphologies .................................. 202
5.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition ............................ 203
5.4 Crystal Growth ........................................ 206
5.5 Normal Crystal Growth of Rough Surfaces in Vapours .... 210
5.6 Layer Crystal Growth of Smooth Surfaces in Vapours .... 214
5.7 Influence of Impurities on Crystal Growth in
Vapours ............................................... 238
5.8 Epitaxial Growth ...................................... 244
5.9 Whisker Growth ........................................ 249
5.10 Mechanical Restrictions on Thin Films ................. 251
Summary .................................................... 256
Exercises .................................................. 263
References ................................................. 266
6 Crystal Growth in Liquids and Melts ........................ 267
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 268
6.2 Structures of Crystals and Melts ...................... 268
6.3 Growth Methods ........................................ 275
6.4 Crystal Growth ........................................ 278
6.5 Volume Changes and Relaxation Processes during
Anelastic Crystal Growth in Metal Melts ............... 279
6.6 Normal Crystal Growth in Pure Metal Melts ............. 289
6.7 Layer Crystal Growth of Smooth Surfaces in Liquids .... 297
6.8 Normal Crystal Growth in Binary Alloys ................ 310
6.9 Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Planar Crystals in
Binary Alloys ......................................... 318
6.10 Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Spherical Crystals
in Alloys ............................................. 324
6.11 Impingement ........................................... 338
6.12 Precipitation of Pores ................................ 340
Summary .................................................... 343
Exercises .................................................. 355
References ................................................. 360
7 Heat Transport during Solidification Processes. Thermal
Analysis ................................................... 361
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 362
7.2 Basic Concepts and Laws of Heat Transport ............. 362
7.3 Convection ............................................ 366
7.4 Theory of Heat Transport at Unidirectional
Solidification ........................................ 378
7.5 Production of Single Crystals by Unidirectional
Solidification ........................................ 385
7.6 Thermal Analysis ...................................... 395
7.7 Variable Heat of Fusion of Metals and Alloys .......... 408
7.8 Variable Heat Capacitivity of Metals and Alloys ....... 416
Summary .................................................... 422
Exercises .................................................. 429
References ................................................. 432
8 Crystal Growth Controlled by Heat and Mass Transport ....... 433
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 433
8.2 Heat and Mass Transports in Alloys during
Unidirectional Solidification ......................... 434
8.3 Zone Refining ......................................... 443
8.4 Single Crystal Production by Czochralski Technique .... 450
8.5 Cellular Growth. Constitutional Undercooling.
Interface Stability ................................... 454
Summary .................................................... 465
Exercises .................................................. 469
References ................................................. 474
9 Faceted and Dendritic Solidification Structures ............ 475
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 476
9.2 Formation of Faceted Crystals ......................... 476
9.3 Growth of Faceted Crystals in Pure Metal Melts ........ 476
9.4 Growth of Faceted Crystals in Alloy Melts ............. 485
9.5 Growth of Dendrite Crystals ........................... 503
9.6 Development of Dendrites .............................. 529
9.7 Transitions between Structure Types in Alloys ......... 565
Summary .................................................... 573
Exercises .................................................. 580
References ................................................. 585
10 Eutectic Solidification Structures ......................... 587
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 588
10.2 Classification of Eutectic Structures ................. 588
10.3 Normal Eutectic Growth ................................ 589
10.4 Degenerate and Coupled Eutectic Growth ................ 620
10.5 Structures of Ternary Alloys .......................... 635
10.6 Solidification of Fe-C Eutectics ...................... 646
10.7 Solidification of Al-Si Eutectics ..................... 658
10.8 Transition between Normal Lamellar and Rod Eutectic
Growth ................................................ 665
Summary .................................................... 669
Exercises .................................................. 675
References ................................................. 680
11 Peritectic Solidification Structures ....................... 681
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 681
11.2 Peritectic Reactions and Transformations .............. 682
11.3 Peritectic Reactions and Transformations in Iron-
Base Alloys ........................................... 693
11.4 Metastable Reactions in Iron-Base Alloys .............. 702
11.5 Metatectic Reactions and Transformations .............. 704
11.6 Microsegregation in Iron-Base Alloys .................. 708
11.7 Transitions between Peritectic and Eutectic
Reactions in Iron-Base Alloys ......................... 716
Summary .................................................... 719
Exercises .................................................. 724
References ................................................. 727
12 Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts ................. 729
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 730
12.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions ........................ 731
12.3 Production of Metallic Glasses ........................ 735
12.4 Experimental Methods for Structure Determination of
Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts ............ 741
12.5 Structures of Metallic Glasses ........................ 744
12.6 Comparison of the Structures of Metallic Glasses and
Amorphous Alloy Melts. Rough Models of Metallic
Glasses and Amorphous Alloy Melts ..................... 753
12.7 Casting of Metallic Glasses. Crystallization
Processes in Amorphous Alloy Melts .................... 759
12.8 Classification of Metallic Glasses .................... 763
12.9 Properties and Applications of Metallic Glasses ....... 764
Summary .................................................... 771
Exercises .................................................. 775
References ................................................. 779
Answers to Exercises .......................................... 781
Index ......................................................... 803
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