Encyclopedia of soil science / ed. by W.Chesworth. - Dordrecht: Springer, 2008. - xxvi, 902 p.: ill., maps. - (Encyclopedia of earth sciences series). - Incl. bibl. ref. - ISBN 978-1-4020-3994-2  Место хранения:   041 | Институт почвоведения и агрохимии CO РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

List of Contributors ......................................... xvii Preface ....................................................... xxv A Horizon ....................................................... 1 Abiotic ......................................................... 1 Abrasion ........................................................ 1 Abrupt Textural Change .......................................... 1 Absorption ...................................................... 1 Acid Deposition Effects on Soils ................................ 2 Randy A. Dahlgren Acid Soils ...................................................... 7 Felipe Macias Vazquez, Maria Camps Arbestain, and Ward Chesworth Acid Sulfate Soils ............................................. 10 Acidity ........................................................ 10 Wayne P. Robarge Acids, Alkalis, Bases and pH ................................... 21 Acrisols ....................................................... 22 Felipe Macias Vázquez Activity Ratios ................................................ 24 Bryon W. Bache Adobe .......................................................... 27 Adsorption ..................................................... 27 Aggregate ...................................................... 28 Aggregate Stability to Drying and Wetting ...................... 28 W.W. Emerson Aggregation .................................................... 30 Roger Hartmann Agrichemical ................................................... 33 Agroecology .................................................... 33 Agroecosystem .................................................. 33 Agrogeology .................................................... 33 Nikola Kostic Agronomy ....................................................... 35 Albeluvisols ................................................... 35 Otto Spaargaren Alisols ........................................................ 35 Otto Spaargaren Alkali ......................................................... 37 Alkaline Soils ................................................. 37 Ward Chesworth, Felipe Macias Vázquez, and Marta Camps Arbestain Alkalization ................................................... 39 Allitization ................................................... 39 Allogenic ...................................................... 39 Alluvium ....................................................... 39 Andosols ....................................................... 39 Olafur Arnolds Anthropogenic .................................................. 46 Anthrosols ..................................................... 47 Otto Spaargaren Arenosols ...................................................... 48 Otto Spaargaren Argillaceous ................................................... 49 Argillan ....................................................... 49 Arid ........................................................... 49 Arrhenius' Equation ............................................ 49 Association .................................................... 50 Auger .......................................................... 50 Authigenic ..................................................... 50 Azonal Soil .................................................... 50 В Horizon ...................................................... 51 Background ..................................................... 51 Badlands ....................................................... 51 Barchan ........................................................ 51 Barrens ........................................................ 51 Base ........................................................... 51 Base Level ..................................................... 51 Base Saturation ................................................ 52 Bryon W. Bache Basement ....................................................... 55 Basic .......................................................... 55 Basin .......................................................... 55 Beach .......................................................... 55 Bed ............................................................ 55 Bedrock ........................................................ 55 Bench .......................................................... 55 Berm ........................................................... 55 Biodegradation ................................................. 55 Biodiversity ................................................... 55 Biogeochemical Cycles .......................................... 56 Ward Chesworth Biomass ........................................................ 60 Biome .......................................................... 60 Biomes and their Soils ......................................... 61 Ward Chesworth Bioremediation ................................................. 68 Biosequence .................................................... 68 Biospheric Role of Soil ........................................ 68 Biostasis ...................................................... 69 Biotic ......................................................... 69 Bisiallitization ............................................... 69 Black Cotton Soil .............................................. 69 Black Earth .................................................... 69 Blanket ........................................................ 69 Blowout ........................................................ 69 Bog ............................................................ 69 Boreal Forest .................................................. 69 Boulder ........................................................ 69 Brunification .................................................. 69 Buffers, Buffering ............................................. 70 Carlo Gessa Bulk Density ................................................... 74 David T. Lewis Buried Soil .................................................... 75 С Horizon ...................................................... 77 Calcareous Soils ............................................... 77 Ward Chesworth, Marta Camps Arbestain, and Felipe Macias Vázquez Calcisols ...................................................... 79 Otto Spaargaren Cambisols ...................................................... 80 Otto Spaargaren Capability ..................................................... 81 Capillary Pressure ............................................. 81 Y. Mualem and H. J. Morel-Seytoux Carbon Cycling and Formation of Soil Organic Matter ............ 91 William R. Horwath Carbon Sequestration in Soil ................................... 97 Gonzalo Almendros Carbonates ..................................................... 99 Ward Chesworth Catchment ..................................................... 101 Catena ........................................................ 101 Cation Exchange ............................................... 102 Cement ........................................................ 102 Cheluviation .................................................. 102 Chemical Analyses ............................................. 102 Paul R. Grossl and Donald L. Sparks Chemical Composition .......................................... 108 Chemisorption ................................................. 108 Chernozems .................................................... 108 Otto Spaargaren Chronology of Soils ........................................... 109 Rhodes W. Fairbridge Chronosequence ................................................ 111 Classification of Soils: FAO .................................. 111 Arieh Singer Classification of Soils: Soil Taxonomy ........................ 113 Hari Eswaran Classification of Soils: World Reference Base (WRB) for Soil Resources ................................................ 120 Erika Micheli Classification of Soils: World Reference Base (WRB) Soil Profiles ...................................................... 122 Otto Spaargaren Clastic ....................................................... 122 Clay Mineral Alteration in Soils .............................. 122 P.M. Huang Clay Mineral Formation ........................................ 135 Arieh Singer Clay Mineral Structures ....................................... 141 Clay Minerals: Silicates ...................................... 141 Charles E. Weaver Clay-Organic Interactions ..................................... 144 В.K.G. Theng Climate ....................................................... 150 Climosequence ................................................. 150 Coastal Soils ................................................. 150 Colloid ....................................................... 151 Colluvium ..................................................... 151 Comminution ................................................... 151 Compaction .................................................... 151 Iain M. Young Complex Soil .................................................. 153 Compost ....................................................... 153 Computer Modeling ............................................. 153 Keith Paustian Computerized Tomography ....................................... 159 Richard J. Heck Concretion .................................................... 160 Conductivity, Electrical ...................................... 161 Charles W. Finkl Conductivity, Hydraulic ....................................... 162 Herman Bouwer Conductivity, Thermal ......................................... 165 Amos Hadas Conservation .................................................. 168 Ward Chesworth and David M. Lavigne Consistence ................................................... 170 Consolidation ................................................. 170 Contour ....................................................... 170 Cordillera .................................................... 171 Corrasion ..................................................... 171 Corrosion ..................................................... 171 Craton ........................................................ 171 Creep ......................................................... 171 Critical Load ................................................. 171 Crotovina ..................................................... 171 Crusts, Crusting .............................................. 171 Marcello Pagliai Cryopedology .................................................. 179 Cryosols ...................................................... 179 Otto Spaargaren Cryoturbation ................................................. 181 Cuesta ........................................................ 181 Cultivation ................................................... 182 Cumulization .................................................. 182 Cutan ......................................................... 182 Datum Level ................................................... 183 Debris ........................................................ 183 Degradation ................................................... 183 Delta ......................................................... 183 Denitrification ............................................... 183 Desalinization ................................................ 184 Desert ........................................................ 184 Desertification ............................................... 184 Desiccation ................................................... 184 Desilication .................................................. 184 Detritus ...................................................... 185 Diffusion ..................................................... 185 Diffusion Processes ........................................... 185 Siobhán Staunton Dispersion .................................................... 191 Dissection .................................................... 191 Dissolved Material ............................................ 191 Divide ........................................................ 191 Doline ........................................................ 191 Drainage ...................................................... 192 Drumlin ....................................................... 192 Dry Deposition ................................................ 192 Dune .......................................................... 192 Duricrusts and Induration ..................................... 192 Rhodes W. Fairbridge Durisols ...................................................... 198 Otto Spaargaren Dust .......................................................... 198 E Horizon ..................................................... 199 Earth Cycles .................................................. 199 Rhodes W. Fairbridge Ecology ....................................................... 202 Edaphic ....................................................... 202 Edaphic Constraints on Food Production ........................ 202 Friedrich H. Beinroth, Hari Eswaran, and Paul F. Reich Edaphology .................................................... 207 Effective ..................................................... 207 Effluent ...................................................... 207 Electrical Double Layer ....................................... 207 Electrochemistry .............................................. 207 Electro-Osmosis ............................................... 207 Elutriation ................................................... 207 Eluviation .................................................... 207 Endogenous .................................................... 207 Energy Balance ................................................ 208 Gaylon S. Campbell Envelope-Pressure Potential ................................... 210 Pieter H. Groenevelt Environment ................................................... 210 Enzyme Activity ............................................... 210 Enzymes and Proteins, Interactions with Soil-Constituent Surfaces ...................................................... 210 Hervé Quiquampoix Eolian ........................................................ 216 Epigenous ..................................................... 216 Erosion ....................................................... 216 Rhodes W. Fairbridge Erratic ....................................................... 221 Escarpment .................................................... 221 Esker ......................................................... 222 Eutrophication ................................................ 222 Evaporation ................................................... 222 R.J. Hanks and G.E. Cardon Evapotranspiration ............................................ 224 Evolution ..................................................... 224 Exchange Complex .............................................. 224 Exchange Phenomena ............................................ 224 Robert G. Gast Exfoliation ................................................... 227 Exogene ....................................................... 227 Extract ....................................................... 227 F Horizon ..................................................... 229 Fabric ........................................................ 229 Factors of Soil Formation ..................................... 229 Carlota Garcia Paz and Teresa Taboada Rodriguez Fallout ....................................................... 231 Fallow ........................................................ 231 Family ........................................................ 231 Fan ........................................................... 231 Fauna ......................................................... 231 Valerie M. Behan-Pelletier and Stuart B. Hill Fen ........................................................... 237 Ferralitic .................................................... 237 Ferralitization ............................................... 237 Ferralsols .................................................... 237 Pablo Vidal-Torrado and Miguel Cooper Ferran ........................................................ 240 Ferri-Argillan ................................................ 240 Ferrods ....................................................... 241 Ferrolysis .................................................... 241 Fersiallitization ............................................. 241 Fertilizer Raw Materials ...................................... 241 Peter van Straaten Fertilizers, Inorganic ........................................ 247 J.J. Oertli Fertilizers, Organic .......................................... 263 C. Wesley Wood Fibric, Hemic and Sapric ...................................... 270 Field Capacity ................................................ 270 Field pH ...................................................... 271 L.R. Hossner Field Water Cycle ............................................. 272 William O. Rasmussen Flocculation .................................................. 275 W.O. Williamson Flood Plain ................................................... 278 Flow Theory ................................................... 278 H. Magdi Selim Fluvial ....................................................... 280 Fluviolacustrine .............................................. 281 Fluvisols ..................................................... 281 Otto Spaargaren Folic ......................................................... 282 Fragipan ...................................................... 282 Frigid ........................................................ 282 Frost Action .................................................. 282 Fulvic Acid ................................................... 282 Furrow ........................................................ 282 Gabion ........................................................ 283 Gelifluction .................................................. 283 Geochemistry in Soil Science .................................. 283 Garrison Sposito Geography of Soils ............................................ 289 Ward Chesworth and L.J. Evans Geology and Soils ............................................. 292 Ward Chesworth Gilgai ........................................................ 298 Glacial ....................................................... 298 Glaciation .................................................... 298 Glaciofluvial ................................................. 299 Glaciolacustrine .............................................. 299 Gley .......................................................... 299 Gleysols ...................................................... 299 Otto Spaargaren Gossan ........................................................ 300 Groundwater ................................................... 301 Guano ......................................................... 301 Gully ......................................................... 301 Gypsan ........................................................ 301 Gypsisols ..................................................... 301 Otto Spaargaren H Horizon ..................................................... 303 Halomorphic ................................................... 303 Hardening ..................................................... 303 Hardpan ....................................................... 303 Harrow ........................................................ 303 Health ........................................................ 303 Health Problems and Soil ...................................... 304 J. Lag Heat Capacity ................................................. 305 Amos Hadas Heath ......................................................... 307 History of Soil Science ....................................... 307 Rhodes W. Fairbridge Histosols ..................................................... 312 J.С. Nóvoa Muñoz, X. Pontevedra Pombal, and A. Martinez Cortizas Hoodoo ........................................................ 314 Horizon ....................................................... 314 Horizon Designations in the Wrb ............................... 314 Humic Substances .............................................. 315 Gonzalo M. Almendros Humid ......................................................... 323 Hummock ....................................................... 323 Hydric Soils .................................................. 323 W. Chesworth, M. Camps Arbestain, F. Macias, and A. Martinez Cortizas Hydrological Cycle ............................................ 325 Ward Chesworth Hydromorphic .................................................. 328 Hydrophilicity, Hydrophobicity ................................ 328 William F. Jaunes Hygroscopicity, Hygroscopic Constant .......................... 330 Hans F. Winterkorn Hypogene ...................................................... 331 Ice Erosion ................................................... 333 Ward Chesworth, Augusto Perez-Alberti, and Emmanuelle Arnaud Ice Wedge and Polygon ......................................... 338 Igneous ....................................................... 339 Illuviation ................................................... 339 Imbibition .................................................... 339 H.J. Morel-Seytoux Imogolite ..................................................... 350 Impermeable ................................................... 350 Impervious .................................................... 350 Induration .................................................... 350 Infiltration .................................................. 350 H.J. Morel-Seytoux Inheritance ................................................... 362 Inorganic Fertilizers ......................................... 362 Inorganic Soil ................................................ 362 Insolation .................................................... 362 Intensive Agriculture ......................................... 362 Interfluve .................................................... 362 Intergrade .................................................... 362 Ion ........................................................... 362 Ion Exchange .................................................. 363 Ionic Activities .............................................. 363 Iron Oxides ................................................... 363 Udo Schwertmann Iron Pan ...................................................... 369 Irrigation .................................................... 369 Ernest Rawitz Journals ...................................................... 381 Charles W. Finkl Kame .......................................................... 421 Karst ......................................................... 421 Kastanozems ................................................... 421 Otto Spaargaren Koppen ........................................................ 423 Krotovinas .................................................... 423 Kubiena Box ................................................... 423 L Horizon ..................................................... 425 Labile Pool ................................................... 425 S.A. Ebelhar Lacustrine .................................................... 426 Lagoon ........................................................ 426 Land .......................................................... 427 Landfill ...................................................... 427 Landscape ..................................................... 427 Landscape and Soils ........................................... 427 Ward Chesworth Laterite ...................................................... 431 Law of the Minimum ............................................ 431 Quirino Paris Leaching ...................................................... 437 Leptosols ..................................................... 437 Otto Spaargaren Lessivage ..................................................... 438 LFH Horizon ................................................... 438 Light Fraction ................................................ 439 Lime .......................................................... 439 Liquefaction .................................................. 439 Lithic ........................................................ 439 Lithosequence ................................................. 439 Litter ........................................................ 439 Lixisols ...................................................... 439 Otto Spaargaren Loading ....................................................... 440 Loam .......................................................... 440 Loess ......................................................... 440 Luvisols ...................................................... 440 Otto Spaargaren Macronutrients ................................................ 443 L.R. Hossner Mangan ........................................................ 445 Manure ........................................................ 445 Marginal Land ................................................. 445 Marl .......................................................... 446 Marsh ......................................................... 446 Mass Movement ................................................. 446 Matran ........................................................ 446 Matric Potential .............................................. 446 Matrix ........................................................ 447 Meadow ........................................................ 447 Mechanical Weathering ......................................... 447 Eiju Yatsu Melanization .................................................. 449 Metal Complexing .............................................. 449 Metamorphic ................................................... 449 Microbial Ecology and Clay Minerals ........................... 450 Microhabitats ................................................. 450 Iain M. Young Micrometeorology .............................................. 453 Jon S. Warland Micromorphology ............................................... 457 Georges Stoops Micronutrients ................................................ 466 Ward Chesworth Microstructure, Engineering Aspects ........................... 475 Peter Smart Midden ........................................................ 481 Mineral Analysis .............................................. 482 Mineral Soil .................................................. 482 Mineralization ................................................ 482 Minesoil ...................................................... 482 Mire .......................................................... 482 A. Martinez Cortizas, X. Pontevedra Pombal, and J.С. Nóvoa Muñoz Moisture Regimes .............................................. 485 Monadnock ..................................................... 485 Моr ........................................................... 485 Moraine ....................................................... 485 Morphology .................................................... 485 Mottle ........................................................ 485 Muck .......................................................... 485 Mulch ......................................................... 486 Mull .......................................................... 486 Munsell Chart ................................................. 486 Muskeg ........................................................ 486 Near-Neutral Soils ............................................ 487 Marta Camps Arbestain, Felipe Macias Vazquez, and Ward Chesworth Neoformation .................................................. 488 Neolithic Revolution .......................................... 488 Ward Chesworth Net Primary Productivity ...................................... 489 Nitisols ...................................................... 490 Otto Spaargaren Nitrification ................................................. 491 Nitrogen Cycle ................................................ 491 Johnson Semoka Nitrogen Fixation ............................................. 494 Nodule ........................................................ 494 Nutrient ...................................................... 494 Nutrient Cycling .............................................. 494 Nutrient Potentials ........................................... 494 Konrad Mengel О Horizon ..................................................... 501 Order ......................................................... 501 Organan ....................................................... 501 Organic Fertilizers ........................................... 501 Organic Matter ................................................ 501 Organic Soil .................................................. 501 Organic Weathering ............................................ 501 Ortstein ...................................................... 502 Osmosis ....................................................... 502 Outwash ....................................................... 502 Overburden .................................................... 502 Paddy Soils ................................................... 503 Paleosol ...................................................... 503 Pallid Zone ................................................... 503 Paludification ................................................ 503 Pan ........................................................... 504 Paralithic .................................................... 504 Parent Material ............................................... 504 Parent Rock ................................................... 504 Particle Density .............................................. 504 George R. Blake Particle-Size Distribution .................................... 505 Gary C. Steinhardt Pasture ....................................................... 510 Peat .......................................................... 510 X. Pontevedra Pombal, J.C. Nóvoa Muñoz, and A. Martinez Cortizas Ped ........................................................... 512 Pedalfer ...................................................... 512 Pedocal ....................................................... 512 Pedogenic Grid ................................................ 512 Pedology and Pedogenesis ...................................... 512 Richard W. Arnold Pedon ......................................................... 516 Pedosphere .................................................... 516 Pedoturbation ................................................. 516 Randall J. Schaetzl Peneplain, Pediplain, Etchplain ............................... 522 Penetrability ................................................. 522 Peptization ................................................... 522 Percolation ................................................... 522 F. Stagnitti, J.-Y. Parlange, and T.S. Steenhuis Periglacial ................................................... 525 Periodic Table in Soil Science ................................ 525 Ward Chesworth Permafrost .................................................... 530 Permeability .................................................. 531 Y. Mualem and H.J. Morel-Seytoux Permeameter ................................................... 538 Petrocalcic ................................................... 538 Petrogypsic ................................................... 538 pH ............................................................ 538 Phaeozems ..................................................... 538 Otto Spaargaren Phase Rule and Phase Diagrams ................................. 539 Ward Chesworth Phi Scale ..................................................... 547 Phosphorus Cycle .............................................. 547 Yoong K. Soon Phreatic ...................................................... 555 Physical Chemistry ............................................ 555 D.S. Orlov Physical Properties ........................................... 559 Physical Weathering ........................................... 559 Phytolith ..................................................... 559 Pingo ......................................................... 559 Planosols ..................................................... 559 Otto Spaargaren Plant Nutrients ............................................... 560 J.J. Oertli Plant Roots and Soil Physical Factors ......................... 571 Jan Glinski, Jerzy Lipiec, and Witold Stepniewski Plasma ........................................................ 578 Plastic ....................................................... 578 Playa ......................................................... 578 Plinthite ..................................................... 578 Plinthosols ................................................... 579 Otto Spaargaren Plow .......................................................... 580 Plow Layer .................................................... 580 Podzols ....................................................... 580 Otto Spaargaren Point of Zero Net Charge ...................................... 582 Pollution ..................................................... 582 Polycyclic .................................................... 582 Poly genetic .................................................. 582 Polygonal ..................................................... 582 Polypedon ..................................................... 583 Pore .......................................................... 583 Pore Size Distribution ........................................ 583 Pore Space, Drainable ......................................... 583 Porosity ...................................................... 583 Potassium Cycle ............................................... 583 Ward Chesworth Prairie ....................................................... 587 Primary Mineral ............................................... 587 Primary Productivity .......................................... 588 Prismatic ..................................................... 588 Profile ....................................................... 588 Carmela Monterroso Martinez Profile, Physical Modification ................................ 589 Keith D. Cassel and David Hammer Pseudogley .................................................... 593 Puddling ...................................................... 593 Pedro A. Sanchez Pugging ....................................................... 596 Quality ....................................................... 597 Ward Chesworth Radiocarbon Dating ............................................ 599 Radioisotopes ................................................. 599 Rangeland ..................................................... 599 Reaction ...................................................... 599 Redoximorphic Features ........................................ 599 Redox Reactions and Diagrams in Soil .......................... 600 Burl D. Meek and Ward Chesworth Regolith ...................................................... 605 Regosols ...................................................... 605 Otto Spaargaren Relief ........................................................ 606 Rendzina ...................................................... 606 Residence Time ................................................ 606 Residua System of Weathering .................................. 607 Residual Soil ................................................. 607 Reverse Weathering ............................................ 607 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) .................. 607 Rhizosphere ................................................... 608 Michael Herlihy Ria ........................................................... 608 Ridge ......................................................... 609 Rockland ...................................................... 609 Rolling ....................................................... 609 Rotation ...................................................... 609 Rubifaction or Rubefaction .................................... 609 Runoff ........................................................ 609 Sabkha ........................................................ 611 Saline ........................................................ 611 Salt Affected Soils ........................................... 611 Raj K. Gupta and I.P. Abrol Sand .......................................................... 613 Sandur, Sandr ................................................. 614 Saprolite ..................................................... 614 Saprolite, Regolith and Soil .................................. 614 Charles W. Finkl Saturation .................................................... 622 Savanna ....................................................... 622 Scalping ...................................................... 622 Scarify ....................................................... 622 Scrub ......................................................... 622 Secondary Mineral ............................................. 622 Sedimentary ................................................... 622 Seepage ....................................................... 622 Self-Mulching ................................................. 622 Semi-Arid ..................................................... 623 Series ........................................................ 623 Sesquan ....................................................... 623 Sesquioxide ................................................... 623 Shear ......................................................... 623 Shield ........................................................ 623 Shrinkage ..................................................... 623 Silicates ..................................................... 623 Silt .......................................................... 623 Simulation of Soil Systems .................................... 623 Skeletan ...................................................... 624 Skeleton Grains ............................................... 624 Slickensides .................................................. 624 Slope Classes ................................................. 624 Sludge ........................................................ 624 Sludge Disposal ............................................... 624 M.B. Kirkham S-Matrix ...................................................... 629 Sod ........................................................... 629 Sodicity ...................................................... 629 Soil .......................................................... 629 Marta Camps Arbestain, Felipe Macías Vázquez, and Ward Chesworth Soil Biology .................................................. 634 James J. Germida Soil Chemistry ................................................ 637 Richard H. Loeppert Soil Color .................................................... 641 Maurice G. Cook Soil Components, Organic ...................................... 643 Soil Conservation Service ..................................... 643 Soil Drainage ................................................. 643 G.O. Schwab Soil Engineering .............................................. 646 Krystyna Konstankiewicz and Jaroslaw Pytka Soil Fertility ................................................ 656 J.J. Oertli Soil Health ................................................... 668 Soil Horizon Designations in the WRB Soil classification system ........................................................ 668 Arieh Singer Soil Mapping and Survey ....................................... 670 William J. Edmonds Soil Mechanics ................................................ 673 Soil Microbiology ............................................. 673 Yucheng Feng Soil Mineralogy ............................................... 678 Steven B. Feldman, С. Shang, and Lucian W. Zelazny Soil Organic Matter ........................................... 686 Soil Physics .................................................. 686 P.W. Ford Soil Pores .................................................... 693 Brent E. Clothier Soil Probe .................................................... 699 Soil Quality .................................................. 699 Soil Reaction ................................................. 699 Soil Salinity and Salinization ................................ 699 M.A. Arshad Soil Science .................................................. 704 Soil Seperates ................................................ 704 Soil Solution ................................................. 704 Bryon W. Bache Soil Stabilization ............................................ 705 Soil Survey ................................................... 705 Soil Variation ................................................ 705 Inakwu O.A. Odeh Soil Water .................................................... 707 Soil Water and its Management ................................. 707 Paul W. Unger Soil-Root Interface ........................................... 709 Carlo Gessa Soils of the Coastal Zone ..................................... 711 Charles W. Finkl Soils, Non-Agricultural Uses .................................. 734 Fred P. Miller Soil-Solvent Interactions ..................................... 736 Solifluction .................................................. 736 Solonchaks .................................................... 737 Otto Spaargaren Solonetz ...................................................... 738 Otto Spaargaren Solum ......................................................... 739 Solute Sorption-Desorption Kinetics ........................... 739 H. Magdi Selim Sorption Phenomena ............................................ 745 N.J. Barrow Spheroidal .................................................... 756 Stagnosols .................................................... 756 Otto Spaargaren Stony ......................................................... 757 Stratification ................................................ 757 Structure ..................................................... 757 Subsoil ....................................................... 757 Sulfur Transformations and Fluxes ............................. 757 Myron J. Mitchell and Christine Alewell Supergene .......... 764 Surface Soil Water Content .................................... 764 Surficial ..................................................... 764 Sustainable Agriculture ....................................... 764 Swamp ......................................................... 764 Tableland ..................................................... 765 Taiga ......................................................... 765 Tailings ...................................................... 765 Technosols .................................................... 765 Ward Chesworth and Otto Spaargaren Temperature Regime ............................................ 766 Tensiometer ................................................... 767 Terrace ....................................................... 767 Terrain ....................................................... 767 Terric ........................................................ 767 Texture ....................................................... 767 Thermal Regime ................................................ 767 Arnos Hadas Thermodynamics of Soil Water .................................. 772 Pieter H. Groenevelt Thermogenic ................................................... 776 Thermosequence ................................................ 777 Thionic or Sulfidic Soils ..................................... 777 Xosé L. Otero, Tiago O. Ferreira, Pablo Vidal-Torrado, Felipe Macias Vázquez, and Ward Chesworth Thixotropy, Thixotropism ...................................... 781 Charles W. Finkl, Jr. Till .......................................................... 782 Tillage ....................................................... 782 John W. Doran and Lloyd N. Mielke Topography .................................................... 785 Toposequence .................................................. 785 Topsoil ....................................................... 785 Trace Elements ................................................ 785 M.B. Kirkham Transport ..................................................... 790 Transport Processes ........................................... 791 Pieter H. Groenevelt Tropical Soils ................................................ 793 Charles W. Finkl Truncated Soil ................................................ 803 Tundra ........................................................ 804 Turf .......................................................... 804 Type .......................................................... 804 Umbrisols ..................................................... 805 Otto Spaargaren Undifferentiated Map Unit ..................................... 806 Universal Soil Loss Equation .................................. 806 Unsaturated Flow .............................................. 806 Vadose ........................................................ 807 Ventifacts .................................................... 807 Rhodes W. Fairbridge Vertisols ..................................................... 807 Otto Spaargaren Void .......................................................... 809 Vugh .......................................................... 809 Wasteland ..................................................... 811 Water Budget in Soil .......................................... 811 Gary W. Parkin Water Content ................................................. 813 Water Content and Retention ................................... 814 Walter H. Gardner Water Erosion ................................................. 817 K. Auerswald Water Fluxes .................................................. 822 Water Holding Capacity ........................................ 822 Water Movement ................................................ 822 Johannes Bouma Water Potential ............................................... 825 Water Table ................................................... 825 Waterlogged ................................................... 825 Watershed ..................................................... 825 Weathering Systems in Soil Science ............................ 825 Ward Chesworth Wentworth Scale ............................................... 830 Wetland ....................................................... 830 Wettability ................................................... 830 Wetting Front ................................................. 830 H.J. Morel-Seytoux Wilting Point ................................................. 835 Wind Erosion .................................................. 835 Michael Brookfield Wind Erosion Equation ......................................... 838 Windthrow ..................................................... 838 Woodland ...................................................... 838 Yield ......................................................... 839 Zeta Potential ................................................ 841 R.J. Zasoski Zonal Soil .................................................... 845 Zone .......................................................... 845 Author Index .................................................. 847 Subject Index ................................................. 849