Sarkisyan A.S. Modelling ocean climate variability / A.S.Sarkisyan, J.E.Sündermann. - New York: Springer, 2009. - 374 p.: ill. - Bibliogr. at the end of the chapters. - Ind.: p.371-374. - ISBN 978-1-4020-9207-7  Место хранения:   066 | Институт мониторинга климатических и экологических систем CO РАН | Томск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

1 Mathematical Background and Methods of Ocean Modelling ....... 1 1.1 Classical Problems of Marine Dynamics: Equations, Initial and Boundary Conditions ......................... 2 1.1.1 Equations, Initial and Boundary Conditions of Ocean and Sea General Circulation ................ 2 1.1.2 Some Comments on the Boundary Conditions ......... 5 1.1.3 Some Comments on the Initial Conditions .......... 6 1.1.4 Total Energy Conservation ........................ 6 1.1.5 Parameterization of Subscale Physical Processes ........................................ 7 1.2 Solvability of Ocean/Sea Dynamics Problems .............. 8 1.2.1 Linear Model of Small Oscillations in the Ocean with Stable Stratification ....................... 8 1.2.2 Linear Stationary Model of Ocean Dynamics With Turbulent Exchange Parameterization .............. 9 1.2.3 Prognostic Nonlinear Problem of Ocean General Circulation ..................................... 10 1.2.4 Prognostic Nonlinear Problem of Ocean General Circulation With Parameterization of Deep Convection ...................................... 11 1.3 Alternative and Generalized Models of the General Circulation in Oceans and Shelf Seas ................... 12 1.3.1 Model Based on the Nonlinear Shallow-Water Equations ....................................... 12 1.3.2 Ocean General Circulation Model in the σ - Coordinate System ............................... 13 1.3.3 Generalized Model of Sea Dynamics With a Free Surface in the σ-Coordinate System .............. 15 1.4 Numerical Methods ...................................... 16 1.4.1 The Choice of a Differential Formulation of the Problem ..................................... 17 1.4.2 Methods of Spatial Approximation ................ 18 1.4.3 Methods for Discrete Time Integration ........... 20 1.4.4 The Method of Weak Approximation (Splitting of the Differential Problem) ....................... 21 1.5 Forward and Adjoint Models ............................. 22 1.5.1 Data Assimilation Problem ....................... 22 1.5.2 Initialization Problem .......................... 24 1.6 Advances and Trends in Mathematical Modelling of Marine and Oceanic Currents ................................. 26 References .................................................. 27 2 Simple Linear Models for Diagnostic Calculation of Ocean Climate Characteristics ..................................... 31 2.1 Basic Equations ........................................ 31 2.2 Simple Diagnostic Models for Ocean Characteristics Calculation ............................................ 32 2.2.1 Geostrophic Flow ................................ 32 2.2.2 Simple Linear Model for Diagnostic Calculation in the Ocean Equatorial Region (The Model D1) ... 34 2.2.3 Simple Linear Model for Diagnostic Calculations in the Ocean Extraequatorial Regions (The Model D1') ......................... 40 2.2.4 Final Formulation, Comparison and Qualitative Analysis of Models D1 and D1' ................... 47 2.2.5 Simple Linear Model for Diagnostic Calculations by Using Mass Transport Stream Function (The Model D1'') ....................... 51 2.3 Are The Sverdrup Relation and the Dynamic (Reference- Level) Method Still Up-To-Date? ........................ 53 2.3.1 Westward, Equatorward, Coastward and Other Kinds of Intensifications in Baroclinic Basins with Variable Depth ............................. 53 2.3.2 Contradiction Between the Dynamic (Reference Level) Method and the Sverdrup Relation ......... 56 2.3.3 A Short Note on the Ocean Modelling First Steps ........................................... 60 2.3.4 Brief List of the Main Results of Diagnostic Calculations .................................... 63 References .................................................. 55 3 Nonlinear Models for Diagnostic, Prognostic and Adjustment Calculations of Ocean Climate Characteristics ............... 67 3.1 Nonlinear Models Based on Sea Surface Height Calculations ........................................... 67 3.1.1 The Equation of Vorticity ....................... 67 3.1.2 The Divergence Equation ......................... 70 3.2 Nonlinear Extraequatorial Model Based on the Mass Transport Stream Function Calculation .................. 71 3.3 Quasianalytical Version of One Nonlinear Model ......... 76 3.4 Comments on Different Approaches and Different Integral Equations Used in Ocean Modelling ............. 80 3.5 A Brief Analysis of Prognostic Calculations ............ 85 3.6 On the Intercalibration of Models ...................... 95 References .................................................. 99 4 Synthesis of Models and Observed Data ...................... 103 4.1 Energetics of Ocean's Hydrophysical Characteristics Mutual Adjusting Processes ............................ 103 4.1.1 Introduction ................................... 103 4.1.2 Characteristics of the Model and Numerical Experiments .................................... 104 4.1.3 Results of Adjustment Calculation .............. 110 4.2 Ocean Modelling Experiments by General Adjustment (OMEGA) ............................................... 116 4.3 Hydrodynamic Method for WOCE Data Processing and Assimilation .......................................... 118 4.3.1 Synthesis of Model and Observation Data ........ 118 4.3.2 Results of Experiments ......................... 119 4.3.3 Computation Results ............................ 120 4.3.4 Discussion and Conclusions ..................... 124 4.4 Four-Dimensional Analysis of Hydrophysical Ocean and Sea Fields ............................................ 127 4.4.1 Introduction ................................... 127 4.4.2 Differential Equations and the Kaiman Filter ... 128 4.4.3 Synchronization and Monitoring of Hydrophysical Fields in the Newfoundland Energy Active Zone ............................. 132 4.4.4 Numerical Experiments on the Estimation Accuracy of the Four-Dimensional Analysis Procedure ...................................... 135 4.4.5 Four-Dimensional Analysis of Hydrophysical Fields in the Tropical Atlantic ................ 140 4.4.6 Algorithm for Altimeter Data Assimilation: Numerical Experiments and Some Reconstructions of Hydrophysical Fields in the Black Sea from TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimetry ........ 143 References ................................................. l49 5 Modelling of Climate Variability in Selected Ocean Basins ..................................................... 153 5.1 Numerical Simulation of in the Arctic-North Atlantic System ................................................ 153 5.1.1 Introduction ................................... 153 5.1.2 Sea-Ice Dynamics ............................... 155 5.1.3 Simulation of the Coupled Arctic Ocean-North Atlantic Circulation System .................... 161 5.1.4 Numerical Simulation of Tracer Propagation ..... 163 5.1.5 Propagation of Fresh Water from Siberian Rivers and Pacific Waters of the Bering Straits ........................................ 164 5.1.6 Conclusions .................................... 169 5.1.7 Latest Results of Arctic Ocean Modelling and Intercomparison Project (AOMIP) ................ 170 5.2 The Gulf Stream ....................................... 175 5.2.1 Modelling the Gulf Stream in the DYNAMO Experiment ..................................... 175 5.2.2 Crossing the Rubicon in Modelling the North Atlantic Dynamics .............................. 178 5.3 Pacific Ocean Circulation and Tracer Transport Modelling ............................................. 186 5.3.1 Water Circulation Modelling .................... 186 5.3.2 Numerical Modelling of Tracer Spreading in the North Pacific Ocean ........................ 194 5.4 The Indian Ocean ...................................... 201 5.4.1 The Indian Ocean Descriptive Hydrometeorology ............................... 201 5.4.2 Indian Ocean Climate Variability Modelling ..... 208 References ................................................. 219 6 Modelling Climate Variability of Selected Shelf Seas ....... 225 6.1 The North Sea ......................................... 225 6.1.1 Introduction ................................... 225 6.1.2 Special Features of North Sea Modelling ........ 227 6.1.3 Example of a Realistic Simulation: The Variable Heat Budget of the North Sea .......... 232 6.2 The White Sea ......................................... 234 6.2.1 Introduction ................................... 234 6.2.2 Y. Semenov's Model ............................. 235 6.2.3 The Results of Calculations .................... 241 6.3 The Caspian Sea ....................................... 245 6.3.1 Introduction ................................... 245 6.3.2 Model Description .............................. 250 6.3.3 External Forcing ............................... 255 6.3.4 Seasonal Variability of the Caspian Sea Dynamics ....................................... 261 6.3.5 Sensitivity Experiments ........................ 275 6.3.6 Summary and Conclusions ........................ 279 6.4 The Black Sea ......................................... 280 6.4.1 The Black Sea Descriptive Hydrophysics ......... 280 6.4.2 Modelling the Variability of Black Sea Physical Characteristics ....................... 291 6.4.3 Modelling the Seasonal Variability of Black Sea Climatic Characteristics by Means of Four-Dimensional Analysis ...................... 301 6.4.4 Data Assimilation by the Method of Double Correction ..................................... 313 References ............................................ 332 Color Plate Section ........................................... 339 Index ......................................................... 371