Part I
Principles of the Fluid Dynamic Design of Packed Columns for
Gas/Liquid Systems
1 Introduction ................................................ 11
1.1 General Information on Packed Columns .................. 11
1.2 Development of Packed Columns and Their Significance
in Rectification and Absorption Technology ............. 14
1.3 Brief Overview of Existing Monographs and/or Complex
Reviews on Packed Column Design ........................ 17
1.4 Conclusion Chapter 1 ................................... 21
2 Two-Phase Flow and Operating Range .......................... 25
2.1 Hydraulic Processes in Packed Columns .................. 25
2.2 Flooding Point ......................................... 29
2.2.1 Flooding Mechanisms ............................. 29
2.2.2 Droplet Formation in Packed Columns ............. 31
2.2.3 Literature Overview-Status of Knowledge ......... 34
2.2.4 New Model of Suspended Bed of Droplets (SBD)
for Determining Gas Velocity uVFl at Flooding
Point ........................................... 44
2.2.5 Conclusions Chapter 2.2 ......................... 88
2.3 Determining Column Diameter ............................ 93
2.4 Lower Loading Line ..................................... 93
2.4.1 Conclusions Section 2.4 ......................... 94
3 Pressure Drop of Dry Packed Columns ........................ 123
3.1 Introduction .......................................... 123
3.2 Law of Resistance for Single-Phase Flow in Packed
Columns ............................................... 123
3.2.1 Determining the Resistance Coefficient ψ for
Pall Rings ..................................... 127
3.2.2 Determining the Resistance Coefficient for
Other Random Packings .......................... 131
3.2.3 Determining the Resistance Coefficient ψ for
Structured Packings ............................ 133
3.3 Introducing a Channel Model Based on Partially
Perforated Channel Walls .............................. 140
3.3.1 Determining the Resistance Coefficient for
Non-perforated Packing Elements ................ 142
3.3.2 Determining the Pressure Drop in Single-Phase
Flow - Final Equation .......................... 143
3.3.3 Evaluation of Results .......................... 143
3.4 Conclusions Chapter 3 ................................. 145
4 Pressure Drop of Irrigated Random and Structured Packings .. 175
4.1 Introduction and Literature Overview .................. 175
4.1.1 Significance of Pressure Drop for Packed
Column Design .................................. 175
4.1.2 Literature Overview ............................ 176
4.2 Liquid Hold-Up ........................................ 183
4.2.1 Basic Terms .................................... 184
4.2.2 Static Liquid Hold-Up .......................... 184
4.2.3 Dynamic Liquid Load Below the Loading Line ..... 185
4.2.4 Analysing the Influence of Various Parameters
on Liquid Hold-Up, Based on Literature Data .... 188
4.2.5 Test Method, Systems and Packing Elements ...... 190
4.2.6 Experimental Results ........................... 190
4.2.7 Conclusions Section 4.2 ........................ 204
4.3 Model for Determining the Pressured Drop of Irrigated
Random and Structured Packings, Based on the Known
Resistance Coefficient ψ for Single-Phase Flow and
the Dimensionless Pressure Drop Δр/ Δр0 ............... 207
4.3.1 Deriving the Model ............................. 207
4.3.2 Comparing Calculated and Experimental Values
for Laminar Liquid Flow, ReL < 2 ............... 209
4.3.3 Determining the Parameter СB for Turbulent
Liquid Flow .................................... 211
4.3.4 Comparing Calculated and Experimental Values
for Turbulent Liquid Flow ...................... 214
4.3.5 Conclusions Section 4.3 ............................. 223
5 Pressure Drop of Irrigated Random and Structured Packings
Based on the Law of Resistance for Two-Phase Flow .......... 247
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 247
5.2 Deriving the Model for Determining the Pressure Drop
of Irrigated Random and Structured Packings ........... 247
5.3 Law of Resistance ψVL = f(ReL) for Packed Columns
with Two-Phase Flow - Deriving the Model .............. 248
5.4 Deriving the Equation for the Calculation of the
Pressure Drop of Irrigated Random Packings ............ 249
5.5 Comparing Calculated and Experimental Values
Throughout the Entire Operating Range of Packed
Columns ............................................... 250
5.6 Evaluation of Results ................................. 250
6 Fluid Dynamics of Packed Columns for Gas/Liquid Systems -
Summary of Results ......................................... 275
6.1 General Information ................................... 275
6.2 Determining the Flooding Point ........................ 281
6.3 Liquid Hold-Up at Flooding Point ...................... 282
6.4 Pressure Drop and Liquid Hold-Up ...................... 282
6.4.1 Pressure Drop Below the Loading Line ........... 283
6.4.2 Liquid Hold-Up Below the Loading Line .......... 284
6.4.3 Pressure Drop and Liquid Hold-Up in the Range
Between the Loading Line and the Flooding
Point .......................................... 285
6.4.4 Pressure Drop at Flooding Point ................ 286
6.5 Pressure Drop Calculation Acc. to the ψVL Model
Presented in Chapter 5 ................................ 287
6.6 Notes on Tables Containing Technical Data of Random
and Structured Packings as Well as Model Parameters
ψFl/ψFl,m for Determining Flooding Point and
Pressure Drop ......................................... 287
6.7 Validity Range of Correlations ........................ 288
6.8 FDPAK Programme for Fluid Dynamic Design of Columns
with Modern Random and Structured Packings ............ 289
6.8.1 Programme Information .......................... 289
6.8.2 Conclusions .................................... 295
Part 2
Principles of the Fluid Dynamic Design of Packed Columns for
Liquid/Liquid Systems
7 Basic Principles of Packed Column Design for Liquid/
Liquid Systems ............................................. 315
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 315
7.2 Two-Phase Flow and Operating Ranges ................... 317
7.2.1 Dispersed Phase Hold-Up in Packed Columns
Containing Random and Structured Packings ...... 317
7.2.2 Droplet Diameter ............................... 324
7.3 Determining the Flooding Point ........................ 327
7.3.1 Introduction ................................... 327
7.3.2 Rising and Falling Velocity of Droplets in
Packings - New Model ........................... 331
7.3.3 Modified Flooding Point Diagram [15] ........... 333
7.3.4 Model for Determining the Specific Flow Rate
of the Dispersed Phase at Flooding Point for
Liquid/Liquid Systems .......................... 335
7.4 Conclusions ........................................... 338
Index ......................................................... 351
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