Preface ................................................... page xi
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Micro- vs macro- ......................................... 1
1.2 The kinetic equation ..................................... 2
1.3 The Vlasov equation ...................................... 4
1.4 Definitions .............................................. 5
1.5 Fluctuations, waves and instabilities .................... 6
References .............................................. 10
2 Electrostatic waves in uniform plasmas ...................... 11
2.1 Zeroth-order distributions: the Maxwellian .............. 11
2.2 Electrostatic waves in unmagnetized plasmas ............. 12
2.2.1 Electron plasma waves ............................. 16
2.2.2 Ion acoustic waves ................................ 17
2.2.3 Two electron components: ion acoustic and
electron acoustic waves ........................... 19
2.3 Electrostatic waves in magnetized plasmas ............... 22
2.3.1 Oblique propagation: ion acoustic and ion
cyclotron waves ................................... 24
2.3.2 Perpendicular propagation: ion Bernstein modes
2.4 Summary ................................................. 28
References .............................................. 28
3 Electrostatic component/component instabilities
in uniform plasmas .......................................... 30
3.1 Zeroth-order distributions: free energy sources ......... 31
3.2 Electrostatic component/component instabilities
in unmagnetized plasmas ................................. 33
3.2.1 Electron/ion instabilities ........................ 34
3.2.2 High frequency electron/electron instabilities .... 38
3.2.3 The electron/electron acoustic instability ........ 44
3.2.4 Ion/ion acoustic instability ...................... 49
3.3 Electrostatic component/component instabilities
in magnetized plasmas ................................... 55
3.3.1 The electron/ion cyclotron instability ............ 57
3.3.2 The ion/ion cyclotron instability ................. 58
3.3.3 Applications of electrostatic ion cyclotron
instabilities ..................................... 60
3.4 Summary ................................................. 62
References .............................................. 63
4 Electrostatic drift instabilities in inhomogeneous
plasmas ..................................................... 67
4.1 Density drift instabilities ............................. 67
4.1.1 The universal drift instability ................... 71
4.1.2 Ion cyclotron and lower hybrid drift
instabilities ..................................... 73
4.1.3 Applications of density drift instabilities ....... 76
4.2 Density drift instabilities in accelerated plasmas ...... 77
4.2.1 Interchange instabilities ......................... 79
4.2.2 The lower hybrid drift instability:
acceleration effects .............................. 81
4.2.3 Applications: the accelerated lower hybrid
drift instability ................................. 82
4.3 Temperature gradients and drift instabilties ............ 82
References .............................................. 84
5 Electromagnetic fluctuations in uniform plasmas ............. 86
5.1 The electromagnetic dispersion equation ................. 86
5.1.1 k × Bo ≠ 0 ........................................ 86
5.1.2 k × Bo = 0 ........................................ 88
5.2 Identifiers of electromagnetic fluctuations ............. 91
5.2.1 Polarization ...................................... 91
5.2.2 Correlation functions ............................. 92
5.2.3 Transport ratios .................................. 93
References ........................................ 96
6 Electromagnetic waves in uniform plasmas .................... 98
6.1 The electromagnetic dispersion equation ................. 98
6.1.1 k × Bo ≠ 0 ........................................ 98
6.1.2 k × Bo = 0 ........................................ 99
6.2 Electromagnetic waves .................................. 101
6.2.1 Low frequency waves .............................. 101
6.2.2 Waves near the ion cyclotron frequency ........... 106
6.2.3 Waves between the ion and electron
cyclotron frequencies ............................ 112
6.2.4 Waves above the electron cyclotron frequency ..... 116
6.3 Summary ................................................ 121
References ............................................. 121
7 Electromagnetic temperature anisotropy instabilities in
uniform plasmas ............................................ 123
7.1 The electromagnetic dispersion equation ................ 124
7.1.1 k × Bo ≠ 0 ....................................... 124
7.1.2 k × Bo = 0 ....................................... 126
7.2 Electromagnetic ion temperature anisotropy
instabilities .......................................... 127
7.2.1 The proton firehose instability .................. 127
7.2.2 The proton cyclotron anisotropy instability ...... 128
7.2.3 The mirror instability ........................... 129
7.2.4 Transport ratios for T|p > T‖p instabilities ..... 130
7.2.5 Applications of T|p > T‖p instabilities ........... 133
7.3 Electromagnetic electron temperature anisotropy
instabilities .......................................... 135
7.3.1 The electron firehose instability ................ 135
7.3.2 The whistler anisotropy instability .............. 137
7.3.3 Applications of T|e > T‖e instabilities ........... 137
7.4 Summary ................................................ 139
References ............................................. 140
8 Electromagnetic component/component instabilities
in uniform plasmas ........................................ 143
8.1 The electromagnetic dispersion equation ................ 144
8.1.1 k × Bo ≠ 0 ....................................... 144
8.1.2 k × Bo = 0 ....................................... 145
8.2 Electromagnetic ion/ion instabilities .................. 146
8.2.1 The ion/ion right-hand resonant instability ...... 147
8.2.2 The ion/ion left-hand resonant instability ....... 148
8.2.3 The ion/ion nonresonant instability .............. 150
8.2.4 Transport ratios for ion/ion instabilities ....... 151
8.2.5 Applications of ion/ion instabilities ............ 154
8.3 Electromagnetic electron /electron instabilities ....... 156
8.3.1 The whistler heat flux instability ............... 156
8.3.2 Applications of electron/electron
instabilities .................................... 158
8.4 Electromagnetic electron/ion instabilities ............. 160
8.5 Electrostatic ion/ion instabilities: electromagnetic
effects ................................................ 162
8.6 Summary ................................................ 166
References ............................................. 167
Appendix A The plasma dispersion function ..................... 170
Appendix B Unperturbed orbits ................................. 172
Appendix C Integral evaluation ................................ 174
Index of symbols .............................................. 177
Index ......................................................... 179
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