Liquid transportation fuels from coal and biomass: technological status, costs, and environmentals impacts / America's Energy Future Panel on Alternative Liquid Transportation Fuels; National Academy of Sciences; National Academy of Engineering; National Research Council of the National Acadamies. - Washington: National Academies Press, 2009. - xvii, 370 p.: ill. (chiefly col.). - Incl. bibl. ref. - ISBN-10 0-309-13712-6; ISBN-13 978-0-309-13712-6  Место хранения:   065 | Институт угля CO РАН | Кемерово

Оглавление / Contents

SYNOPSIS ........................................................ 1 SUMMARY ......................................................... 7 1 LIQUID FUELS FOR TRANSPORTATION ............................. 51 Demand for Liquid Transportation Fuels ...................... 52 Alternative Transportation Fuels ............................ 55 Purpose of This Study ....................................... 56 Context of Report ........................................... 58 Structure of This Report .................................... 60 References .................................................. 61 2 BIOMASS RESOURCES FOR LIQUID TRANSPORTATION FUELS ........... 63 Current Biomass Production for Biofuels ..................... 64 Biomass Resources ........................................... 70 Research and Development .................................... 89 Costs of Supplying Biofuel Feedstocks ....................... 92 Environmental Effects ...................................... 100 Findings and Recommendations ............................... 103 References ................................................. 106 3 BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF BIOMASS .......................... 117 Technology Alternatives .................................... 117 Biochemical Conversion of Cellulosic Biomass ............... 121 Cost and Performance ....................................... 132 Technology Forecast ........................................ 145 Findings and Recommendations ............................... 153 References ................................................. 157 4 THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF COAL AND BIOMASS .............. 163 Status and Challenges of Technology Alternatives ........... 164 Indirect-Liquefaction Technologies ......................... 167 Direct-Liquefaction Technologies ........................... 209 Findings and Recommendations ............................... 215 References ................................................. 221 5 DISTRIBUTION ............................................... 225 Ethanol Transportation ..................................... 227 The Market for Biofuels .................................... 235 Findings and Recommendations ............................... 239 References ................................................. 240 6 COMPARISON OF OPTIONS AND MARKET PENETRATION ............... 243 Comparison of Costs, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Potential Fuel Supply ...................................... 244 Market Penetration ......................................... 259 Findings and Recommendations ............................... 265 Reference .................................................. 267 7 OVERALL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................... 269 8 KEY CHALLENGES TO COMMERCIAL DEPLOYMENT .................... 277 Challenge 1 ................................................ 277 Challenge 2 ................................................ 278 Challenge 3 ................................................ 279 Challenge 4 ................................................ 279 Challenge 5 ................................................ 280 9 OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUEL OPTIONS ............................. 281 Compressed Natural Gas ..................................... 282 Alternative Diesel ......................................... 284 Methanol ................................................... 285 Dimethyl Ether ............................................. 285 Hydrogen ................................................... 286 References ................................................. 291 Appendixes A America's Energy Future Project ............................ 295 B Statement of Task .......................................... 301 С Panel Members' Biographical Sketches ....................... 303 D Presentations to the Panel ................................. 311 E Research Supporting a Landscape Vision of Production of Biofuel Feedstock .......................................... 313 F Estimating the Amount of Corn Stover That Can Be Harvested in a Sustainable Manner .......................... 317 G Life-Cycle Inputs for Production of Biomass ................ 321 H Background Information on the Economic and Environmental Assessment of Biomass Supply ............................... 325 I Modeling of Capital and Operating Costs and Carbon Emissions of Ethanol Plants with Superpro Designer ......... 399 J Resource Requirements for Production of Microbial Biomass .................................................... 359 K Nonquantified Uncertainties That Could Influence the Costs of Carbon Storage .......................................... 367