Series Foreword .......................................... xi
Preface ................................................ xiii
1 Introduction .............................................. 1
1.1 Goals ................................................ 1
1.2 Background ........................................... 4
1.3 Variation in Binding ................................. 7
1.4 Toward Explanation in Linguistics .................... 9
1.4.1 Linguistics as a Cognitive Science ............ 9
1.4.2 A Minimalist Perspective on Natural Language
Grammar ...................................... 10
1.4.3 What Would Make CHL Trivial? ................. 14
1.5 Unity and Diversity in Anaphoric Dependencies ....... 19
1.5.1 Universals and Sources of Invariance ......... 19
1.5.2 Toward Explaining the Binding Conditions ..... 22
1.6 Interpretive Dependencies ........................... 25
1.6.1 Binding and Coreference ...................... 27
1.6.2 A Definition of A-Binding .................... 30
1.6.3 A-Binding: Logical Syntax and Semantics ...... 34
1.7 The Canonical Binding Theory ........................ 38
1.7.1 An Overview of the CBT ....................... 38
1.7.2 Locality ..................................... 40
1.7.3 ВТ Compatibility ............................. 42
1.7.4 Some Further Challenges to the CBT ........... 43
1.8 Beyond the CBT ...................................... 44
1.8.1 Types of Nominal Expressions ................. 44
1.8.2 Parameters of Variation ...................... 46
1.9 Indices and Their Demise ............................ 53
1.10 Binding and Coreference Revisited ................... 56
1.11 Summary and Structure of the Book ................... 58
2 Structural Conditions on A-Binding ....................... 69
2.1 Background .......................................... 69
2.2 The Status of C-Command in Binding .................. 70
2.З Pronominals versus Anaphors ......................... 79
2.4 Conclusions ......................................... 80
3 A Modular Approach to Binding: Reflexivity, Chains, and
Exemption ................................................ 81
3.1 Defining Reflexivity ................................ 81
3.2 Condition B: Main Facts ............................. 83
3.3 Condition A: Main Facts ............................. 88
3.4 Semantic and Syntactic Predicates ................... 95
3.5 The Structure of SE Anaphors and SELF Anaphors ...... 96
3.6 An Independent Factor: Syntactic Chain Formation ... 100
3.6.1 Dutch versus Frisian ........................ 100
3.6.2 Chains and the Chain Condition .............. 102
3.6.3 Where Neither the Chain Condition nor
Condition В Applies ......................... 105
3.6.4 Chains and Hierarchy ........................ 107
3.7 Condition В in N- and P-Predicates ................. 109
3.7.1 N-Predicates ................................ 109
3.7.2 P-Predicates ................................ 110
3.8 Toward Explaining the Binding Conditions:
Reflexivity and Chains ............................. 115
3.9 Conclusion ......................................... 120
4 Representing Anaphoric Dependencies: Issues of
Economy ................................................. 123
4.1 Introduction ....................................... 123
4.2 The Nature of Economy: Its Rationales .............. 126
4.3 Competition in Brazilian Portuguese ................ 130
4.4 A Synthesis: The Competition between Hem and Zich
Revisited .......................................... 131
4.5 Conclusions ........................................ 136
5 Binding by Chains: The Syntactic Encoding of
Interpretive Dependencies ............................... 137
5.1 Introduction ....................................... 137
5.2 Underspecification ................................. 138
5.3 Index-Free Binding ................................. 140
5.4 The Binding Requirement on Anaphors ................ 144
5.5 Encoding Dependencies within CHL ................... 145
5.5.1 Dependencies in the Framework of Chomsky
(1995) ...................................... 146
5.5.2 Overt V-to-T ................................ 149
5.5.3 Checking Zich's Features .................... 151
5.5.4 Linking ..................................... 151
5.5.5 Features and Feature Bundles ................ 153
5.5.6 CHAINs and Chains ........................... 155
5.5.7 Covert V-to-T ............................... 156
5.6 Conditions on the Tail: What Blocks Chain
Formation? ......................................... 159
5.6.1 Recoverable Features ........................ 159
5.6.2 A Nonrecoverable Property: Number ........... 162
5.6.3 A Further Perspective: The Role of D ........ 164
5.6.4 Definiteness and poss Anaphors .............. 166
5.7 Binding versus Logophoricity ....................... 169
5.7.1 Subjunctive ................................. 170
5.7.2 Nonmatching Antecedents ..................... 171
5.8 Maximality of Chains and Conditions on Chain
Heads .............................................. 173
5.8.1 The Issue ................................... 173
5.8.2 SE as a Subject ............................. 173
5.9 Agreeing to Bind ................................... 174
5.9.1 Background .................................. 174
5.9.2 Implementation .............................. 176
5.9.3 An Empirical Consequence .................... 178
5.10 Conclusion ......................................... 179
6 Deriving the Binding Conditions: Encoding and Sources
of Invariance ........................................... 181
6.1 Introduction ....................................... 181
6.2 Deriving the Binding Conditions: Why Conditions A
and B? ............................................. 185
6.2.1 Why is Reflexivity Marked? .................. 185
6.2.2 Condition В and the IDI ..................... 186
6.3 Licensing Reflexivity .............................. 189
6.3.1 Operations on Argument Structure: The
θ-System .................................... 192
6.3.2 From Lexical Reflexivity to Structural
Case and Pronouns in English ................ 202
6.3.3 Protecting a Variable ....................... 206
6.4 A Note on Binding and an Interim Summary ........... 209
6.4.1 A Note on Binding ........................... 209
6.4.2 An Interim Summary .......................... 211
6.5 Deriving Condition A ............................... 214
6.5.1 The Syntax of Reflexive-Marking ............. 215
6.5.2 Reference by Proxy and the Functional
Semantics of Pronominals .................... 219
6.5.3 How SELF Movement Is Enforced ............... 222
6.6 Remaining Questions and Summary of Results ......... 237
6.6.1 Revisiting Faltz's Typology ................. 237
6.6.2 The Notion "Anaphor": Its Theoretical
Significance ................................ 239
6.7 From Invariants to Variation: Masking .............. 240
6.8 Conclusions ........................................ 245
7 Reflexive-Marking by SELF Movement: A Case Study ........ 247
7.1 Introduction ....................................... 247
7.2 The Internal Structure of SELF Anaphors ............ 247
7.3 Further Consequences of SELF Movement .............. 249
7.4 The Definition of Syntactic Predicates: Which
Property Attracts SELF? ............................ 253
7.5 Local Binding of 1st- and 2nd-Person Pronominals ... 255
7.6 Maximality of Chains and Conditions on Chain
Heads .............................................. 259
7.6.1 The Issue ................................... 259
7.6.2 Nominative Complex Anaphors ................. 260
7.7 Summary and Conclusions ............................ 266
8 Variation in Anaphoric Systems within Germanic .......... 267
8.1 Introduction ....................................... 267
8.2 Local Binding of Pronouns in Frisian ............... 268
8.3 German Sich ........................................ 273
8.3.1 German Sich and Reflexivity ................. 273
8.3.2 Case and Case Distinctions .................. 279
8.3.3 Concluding the Discussion of Case and
Chains ...................................... 283
8.4 Long-Distance Anaphors in Germanic ................. 285
8.4.1 Introduction ................................ 285
8.4.2 Anaphors across Germanic Languages .......... 286
8.4.3 Capturing the Variation in Binding
Domains ..................................... 295
8.4.4 Discussion from Current Perspectives:
Long-Distance Binding and Minimalism ........ 302
8.4.5 Long-Distance Binding of Direct Object SE ... 311
8.5 Logophoricity: Icelandic Logophoric Anaphora ....... 314
8.5.1 Introduction ................................ 314
8.5.2 Subjunctives ................................ 316
8.5.3 Infinitives ................................. 319
8.5.4 Summary of the Facts ........................ 320
8.5.5 The Interpretation of Sig: Binding versus
Coreference ................................. 321
8.5.6 Conclusions and Open Issues ................. 322
8.6 Summary and Conclusions ............................ 323
9 Discussion, Summary, and Conclusions .................... 325
9.1 Introduction ....................................... 325
9.2 How to Encode Anaphoric Dependencies: Theoretical
and Crosslinguistic Variation ...................... 326
9.2.1 Kayne 2002 .................................. 327
9.2.2 Zwart 2002 .................................. 330
9.2.3 Boeckx, Hornstein, and Nunes 2007 ........... 331
9.2.4 Safir 2004a and 2004b ....................... 335
9.2.5 Hicks 2009 .................................. 336
9.3 Overview and Summary of Results .................... 337
9.4 General Conclusions ................................ 341
Notes ...................................................... 345
References ................................................. 393
Author Index ............................................... 419
Subject Index .............................................. 425
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