1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Four Centuries .......................................... 1
1.2 The Metaphysics of Substance ............................ 5
1.3 Metaphysical Parts ...................................... 6
1.4 Sources ................................................ 11
Part I. Matter
2 Substratum .................................................. 17
2.1 The Surprising Consensus ............................... 17
2.2 The Substratum Thesis .................................. 19
2.3 Arguments for the Ex nihilo Principle .................. 22
2.4 The Causal Simultaneity Argument: Scotus ............... 27
2.5 The Conservation Thesis ................................ 29
3 Theories of Prime Matter .................................... 35
3.1 The Paradox of Pure Potentiality ....................... 35
3.2 Corpuscular Prime Matter ............................... 40
3.3 The Arguments: A First Rehearsal ....................... 47
4 Matter and Extension ........................................ 53
4.1 The Simple View ........................................ 54
4.2 The Extensionless Parts View ........................... 57
4.3 Accidentally Quantified Matter: Averroism .............. 60
4.4 Intrinsic Extension: Ockham, Zabarella, Pererius ....... 66
4.5 The Conservation of Quantity ........................... 71
5 Philosophiae Perennes ....................................... 77
5.1 A Modest Historiographie Proposal ...................... 77
5.2 The Revival of Atomism ................................. 80
5.3 'Nominalism' ........................................... 83
5.4 'Atomism' .............................................. 88
5.5 How Descartes Saved Philosophy ......................... 92
Part II. Substance
6 Subjects and Substances ..................................... 99
6.1 Substance, Thick and Thin .............................. 99
6.2 Substance Criteria .................................... 102
6.3 Subject Candidates .................................... 108
6.4 Inherence versus Predication .......................... 111
7 The Veiled Subject ......................................... 115
7.1 Casting Off Naive Empiricism .......................... 115
7.2 Unknowable Form, Unintelligible Matter ................ 119
7.3 Substance Shrouded: Scotus and Marchia ................ 124
7.4 Lifting the Veil I: Oresme ............................ 130
7.5 Lifting the Veil II: Cremonini ........................ 132
8 Cartesian Substances ....................................... 135
8.1 Descartes's Thin Substance ............................ 135
8.2 The Wax Passage ....................................... 138
8.3 Substance and Principal Attribute ..................... 145
8.4 Where Transparency Ends ............................... 151
9 Lockean Substances ......................................... 159
9.1 Substratum as Ordinary Substance ...................... 159
9.2 Locke's Tenuous Metaphysical Commitments .............. 168
9.3 How Metaphysics Matters ............................... 173
Part III. Accidents
10 Real Accidents ............................................. 179
10.1 The Holy Grail ........................................ 179
10.2 Deflationary Accounts ................................. 181
10.3 The Problem of the Eucharist .......................... 185
10.4 Toward Real Accidents ................................. 190
10.5 Scotus's Univocal Account ............................. 194
11 Inherence .................................................. 200
11.1 The Realistic Consensus ............................... 200
11.2 Must Accidents Inhere? ................................ 204
11.3 Glue-and-Paste Theories ............................... 208
11.4 Inherence without the Glue: Auriol .................... 213
12 Categories ................................................. 221
12.1 The Significance of the Categories .................... 221
12.2 Category Nominalism: Ockham and Buridan ............... 224
12.3 Structures: Aquinas and Ghent ......................... 229
12.4 Modest Category Realism: Olivi ........................ 235
12.5 Robust Category Realism: Scotus ....................... 239
13 Modes ...................................................... 244
13.1 Overview .............................................. 244
13.2 Modal Realism: Olivi and Oresme ....................... 247
13.3 The Suarezian Model ................................... 253
13.4 The Seventeenth Century ............................... 258
13.5 Cartesian Modes ....................................... 262
13.6 Separability .......................................... 266
13.7 What Are Modes? ....................................... 269
IV. Extension
14 Quantity and Extension ..................................... 279
14.1 Against Quantity: Olivi ............................... 280
14.2 The Seventeenth Century ............................... 286
14.3 Corpuscular Structure as Basic: Ockham ................ 288
14.4 Body without Extension ................................ 293
15 Extension and Impenetrability .............................. 300
15.1 Condensation and Rarefaction: Buridan ................. 301
15.2 The Co-Location Argument: Francis of Marchia .......... 308
15.3 Toward a Unified Scientific Account: Suarez ........... 312
15.4 Solidity .............................................. 314
15.5 Impenetrability as a Natural Law: Descartes ........... 316
16 Mind and Extension ......................................... 323
16.1 The Material-Immaterial Divide ........................ 323
16.2 All Things Are Extended: Hobbes ....................... 325
16.3 What Exists Must Exist Somewhere ...................... 328
16.4 True Extension: Descartes and More .................... 333
16.5 Prospects for Holenmerism ............................. 339
16.6 Holenmerism and Immateriality ......................... 345
17 Location ................................................... 350
17.1 Space and Place ....................................... 350
17.2 The Causal Argument for Location ...................... 351
17.3 Intrinsically Extended Minds: Descartes versus More ... 356
17.4 Reductive Bodily Location: Ockham and Buridan ......... 362
17.5 Location as a Mode: Olivi and Suárez .................. 369
18 Entia Successiva ........................................... 374
18.1 What Are Successive Entities? ......................... 374
18.2 Are There Any Successive Entities? .................... 380
18.3 Is the Idea of a Successive Entity Coherent? .......... 384
18.4 Might Everything Be Successive? ....................... 390
18.5 Permanence and Eternity ............................... 395
Part V. Quality
19 Real Qualities ............................................. 401
19.1 The Significance of Qualities ......................... 401
19.2 Quality Realism: Ockham ............................... 402
19.3 Anno 1347: Mirecourt and Oresme ....................... 408
19.4 Nicholas of Autrecourt ................................ 412
19.5 After 1347 ............................................ 415
19.6 Cracking the Ice ...................................... 418
19.7 The Argument from Conceivability ...................... 422
20 Heresy and Novelty ......................................... 428
20.1 Four Centuries of Inquisition ......................... 428
20.2 "A Strange Presumption" ............................... 433
20.3 Dissidents ............................................ 442
20.4 The Thaw .............................................. 449
20.5 The Disingenuity Problem .............................. 453
21 Primary Qualities .......................................... 459
21.1 Orientation ........................................... 459
21.2 Fundamentals of the Aristotelian Theory ............... 461
21.3 The Mechanical Affections ............................. 469
21.4 The Crucial Case of Heat .............................. 473
21.5 The New Primary Qualities ............................. 481
21.6 The Intension of the Distinction ...................... 485
22 Secondary Qualities ........................................ 491
22.1 Big Idea #2 ........................................... 491
22.2 Revelation ............................................ 496
22.3 Scholastic Realism .................................... 499
22.4 Post-Scholastic Realism ............................... 503
22.5 Two Anti-Realists: Galileo and Hobbes ................. 507
22.6 Equivocal Views: Descartes ............................ 512
23 Powers and Dispositions .................................... 519
23.1 Nominal Powers ........................................ 519
23.2 Powers in Boyle ....................................... 521
23.3 Powers in Locke ....................................... 526
23.4 The Explanatory Force of Nominal Powers ............... 529
23.5 Scholastic Powers ..................................... 535
23.6 Real and Occult Powers ................................ 540
Part VI. Unity and Identity
24 Substantial Form ........................................... 549
24.1 Form and Essence ...................................... 549
24.2 Form and Individuation ................................ 552
24.3 Two Aspects of Substantial Form ....................... 557
24.4 The Physical Aspect ................................... 560
24.5 Doing without Form: Descartes ......................... 565
25 Unity and Dualism .......................................... 574
25.1 The Plurality of Forms Debate ......................... 574
25.2 Unification Strategies I: Unitarianism ................ 578
25.3 Generation and Corruption Puzzles ..................... 581
25.4 Dualism and Mind-Body Unity ........................... 588
25.5 Unification Strategies II: Pluralism .................. 591
25.6 Unification Strategies III: Descartes ................. 596
26 Parts and Wholes ........................................... 606
26.1 The Aristotelian's Dilemma ............................ 606
26.2 Extreme Views ......................................... 610
26.3 The Mixed View of Potential Parts ..................... 613
26.4 Post-Scholastic Views ................................. 619
26.5 The Singular Existence Thesis ......................... 623
26.6 Partial Forms ......................................... 630
27 Real Essences .............................................. 633
27.1 Metaphysical Chaos .................................... 633
27.2 The Unknown Essence of Things ......................... 634
27.3 Damage Control: The Scholastics ....................... 637
27.4 Natural Kinds ......................................... 642
27.5 Anti-Essentialism I: Hobbes and Conway ................ 648
27.6 The Resilience of Real Essences ....................... 652
27.7 Anti-Essentialism II: Locke ........................... 655
28 Permanence and Corruption .................................. 662
28.1 The Scholastic Framework for Substantial Change ....... 662
28.2 Permanence: Autrecourt ................................ 665
28.3 Weak Permanence: Basso and Gassendi ................... 671
28.4 Strict Permanence: Gorlaeus and Hobbes ................ 678
28.5 The Part-Whole Identity Thesis ........................ 681
29 Identity over Time ......................................... 689
29.1 Identity Made Easy .................................... 689
29.2 Identity Made Hard: Ockham ............................ 692
29.3 Nominal Identity: Buridan and Oresme .................. 695
29.4 Identity Made Problematic ............................. 703
29.5 Hobbes's Radicalism ................................... 705
30 Locke's Nominal Substances ................................. 711
30.1 The Reluctant Metaphysician ........................... 711
30.2 Identity and Essence .................................. 715
30.3 Persistence Candidates ................................ 718
30.4 Parts and Wholes Revisited ............................ 721
30.5 Arguments for Nominalism .............................. 725
30.6 Final Rewards ......................................... 727
Acknowledgements .............................................. 731
Tables of Authors ............................................. 733
Bibliography .................................................. 741
Index of Names ................................................ 783
Subject Index ................................................. 791
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