 | Ju H. NanoBiosensing: principles, development and application / H.Ju, X.Zhang, J.Wang. - New York: Springer, 2011. - xv, 586 p.: ill. - (Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering). - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.569-586. - ISBN 978-1-4419-9621-3
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1 Biofunctionalization of Nanomaterials ........................ 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 Biofunctionalization Method of Nanomaterials ............ 2
1.2.1 Biofunctionalization by Noncovalent Assembly ..... 2
1.2.2 Covalent Route for the Biofunctionalization
of Nanomaterials ................................. 5
1.3 Biofunctional Nanomaterials ............................ 10
1.3.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials ...................... 10
1.3.2 Metal Nanoparticles ............................. 12
1.3.3 Semiconductor Nanoparticles ..................... 14
1.3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles .......................... 15
1.3.5 Other Biofunctional Nanomaterials ............... 17
1.4 Characterization of Biofunctional Nanomaterials ........ 19
1.5 Applications of Biofunctional Nanomaterials ............ 21
1.5.1 Optical Sensing ................................. 21
1.5.2 Electrochemical Sensing ......................... 27
1.6 Conclusions ............................................ 32
References .................................................. 32
2 Signal Amplification for Nanobiosensing ..................... 39
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 39
2.2 Nanoparticle-Amplified Optical Assay ................... 40
2.2.1 Colloidal Gold Nanoparticle-Based
Amplification ................................... 40
2.2.2 Semiconductor Nanoparticle-Based
Amplification ................................... 48
2.2.3 Nanoparticle-Amplified Chemiluminescence
and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Assay .... 49
2.3 Nanoparticle-Amplified Electrochemical Detection ....... 54
2.3.1 Enhanced Conductivity with Nanoparticles ........ 54
2.3.2 Detection of Nanoparticle Label with Stripping
Voltammetry ..................................... 57
2.3.3 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Impedance Signal .......... 58
2.3.4 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Voltammetric Signal ....... 62
2.4 Nanoparticles as Carrier for Signal Amplification ...... 65
2.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles as Tracer .................... 65
2.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes as Carrier ..................... 73
2.4.3 Silica Nanoparticles as Carrier ................. 75
2.4.4 Other Materials as Carrier ...................... 77
2.5 Conclusions ............................................ 79
References .................................................. 79
3 Nanostructured Mimic Enzymes for Biocatalysis and
Biosensing .................................................. 85
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 85
3.1.1 Need for Nanostructured Mimic Enzymes ........... 85
3.1.2 Developments in Nanostructured Mimic Enzymes .... 86
3.2 Nanostructure Used in Artificial Mimic Enzymes ......... 87
3.2.1 K3Fe(CN)6 ....................................... 87
3.2.2 Fe3O4 ........................................... 89
3.2.3 FeS ............................................. 93
3.2.4 Polystyrene ..................................... 95
3.2.5 Breslow's Mimics ................................ 96
3.3 Mimic Enzymes for Sensors .............................. 98
3.3.1 H2O2 Sensors .................................... 98
3.3.2 Glutamate Sensors ............................... 98
3.3.3 Glucose Sensors ................................. 99
3.3.4 Nonelectroactive Cation Sensors ................ 100
3.3.5 Easily Oxidizable Compounds and Other
Nontraditional Sensors ......................... 100
3.3.6 Transition Metal Hexacyanoferrate Sensors ...... 101
3.4 Conclusions ........................................... 102
References ................................................. 102
4 Porphyrin-Based Nanocomposites for Biosensing .............. 111
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 111
4.1.1 Porphyrin: A Mimic of Enzymes .................. 111
4.1.2 Significance of the Porphyrinic
Nanocomposite .................................. 112
4.2 Assembly of Porphyrins on Carbon-Based
Nanomaterials ......................................... 112
4.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes ............................... 113
4.2.2 Optical and Electrochemical Biosensing ......... 117
4.2.3 Carbon Nanohorns ............................... 119
4.2.4 Graphene Sheets ................................ 120
4.3 Assembly of Porphyrins on Semiconductor
Nanoparticles ......................................... 122
4.3.1 TiO2-Porphyrin Nanocomposite ................... 122
4.3.2 Quantum Dots ................................... 129
4.3.3 Fe3O4 Nanoparticles ............................ 131
4.4 Assembly of Porphyrins on Metal Nanoparticles ......... 131
4.4.1 Au Nanoparticles ............................... 131
4.4.2 Ag Nanoparticles ............................... 134
4.4.3 Pt Nanoparticles ............................... 135
4.5 Other Nanomaterials ................................... 137
4.5.1 Polymer Nanoparticles .......................... 137
4.5.2 Silica Nanomaterials ........................... 138
4.5.3 Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles ................ 140
4.6 Conclusions ........................................... 141
References ................................................. 142
5 Carbon Nanofiber-Based Nanocomposites for Biosensing ....... 147
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 147
5.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanofiber ......................... 149
5.3 Why Carbon Nanofiber? ................................. 151
5.4 Carbon Nanofiber-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
and Bioassays ......................................... 151
5.4.1 Glucose Sensors ................................ 151
5.4.2 Ethanol Sensors ................................ 154
5.4.3 Acetylthiocholine Sensors ...................... 155
5.4.4 Phenol Sensors ................................. 156
5.4.5 Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors ...................... 157
5.4.6 NADH Sensors ................................... 159
5.4.7 Protein Electron Transfer (ET) ................. 160
5.4.8 Immunosensors .................................. 162
5.4.9 Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber Array-
Based Biosensors ............................... 162
5.5 Conclusions ........................................... 166
References ................................................. 167
6 Biosensors Based on Nanoporous Materials ................... 171
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 171
6.2 Why Are Proteins Immobilized? ......................... 172
6.3 Biosensors Based on Mesoporous Materials .............. 173
6.3.1 Factors Affecting Protein Immobilization ....... 173
6.3.2 Methods for Protein Immobilization on
Mesoporous Material ............................ 177
6.3.3 Biosensors Based on Mesoporous Silica .......... 178
6.3.4 Biosensors Based on Mesoporous Carbon .......... 185
6.3.5 Biosensors Based on Mesoporous Metal Oxide ..... 191
6.3.6 Biosensors Based on Mesoporous Hybrid
Nanocomposite .................................. 192
6.4 Biosensors Based on Nanoporous Gold ................... 196
6.4.1 Enzyme Biosensors Based on Nanoporous Gold ..... 196
6.4.2 DNA Biosensors Based on Nanoporous Gold ........ 198
6.4.3 Escherichia coli Biosensors Based on
Nanoporous Platinum-Coated Gold Nanoporous
Film ........................................... 199
6.5 Conclusions ........................................... 200
References ................................................. 200
7 Electrochemical Biosensing Based on Carbon Nanotubes ....... 207
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 207
7.1.1 Structure of CNTs .............................. 207
7.1.2 Advantages of CNT-Based Electrochemical
Sensors ........................................ 208
7.2 Functionalization Strategy of CNTs .................... 208
7.2.1 Noncovalent Interaction ........................ 209
7.2.2 Covalent Interaction ........................... 213
7.3 Fabrication and Characterization of CNT-Based
Sensors ............................................... 214
7.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission
Electron Microscopy ............................ 215
7.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared ..................... 215
7.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy ........................ 216
7.3.4 Raman Spectrum ................................. 216
7.4 Amplification of Signal Transduction .................. 218
7.5 Electrochemical Biosensing Based on Functional CNTs ... 220
7.5.1 Deoxyribonucleic Acid .......................... 220
7.5.2 Antigen-Antibody ............................... 222
7.5.3 Cells .......................................... 224
7.5.4 Other Biomolecules ............................. 226
7.6 SWCNT-Based Field-Effect Biosensing ................... 229
7.6.1 Detection of Proteins by SWCNT-Field-Effect
Transistor ..................................... 229
7.6.2 Detection of Nucleic Acids by SWCNT-Field-
Effect Transistor .............................. 231
7.7 SWCNT Forest in Electrochemical Biosensing ............ 231
7.8 Conclusions ........................................... 233
References ................................................. 234
8 Biosensing with Nanoparticles as Electrogenerated
Chemiluminescence Emitters ................................. 241
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 241
8.2 Principle of ECL from Nanoparticles ................... 242
8.2.1 ECL Mechanism of NPs ........................... 242
8.2.2 Generation Type for NP ECL ..................... 244
8.2.3 Coreactant System for NP ECL ................... 247
8.3 Biosensing Strategy and Corresponding Application ..... 251
8.3.1 Direct Determination of Biochemical
Coreactant ..................................... 252
8.3.2 Improved ECL Performance for Higher
Sensitivity .................................... 253
8.3.3 Analyte-Inhibited (or -Enhanced) ECL
Emission ....................................... 254
8.3.4 Determination Based on Resonance Energy
Transfer ....................................... 255
8.3.5 Determination with Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction ... 255
8.3.6 Immunoreactions or DNA Hybridization-Coupled
Sensing ........................................ 257
8.4 Conclusions ........................................... 260
References ................................................. 260
9 Biosensing Applications of Molecularly р&К Imprinted
Nanomaterials .............................................. 265
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 265
9.2 Molecular Imprinting Technology ....................... 268
9.2.1 Noncovalent Approach ........................... 269
9.2.2 Covalent Approach .............................. 270
9.2.3 Other Approaches ............................... 271
9.3 Types of MIP Materials ................................ 271
9.3.1 Organic Materials .............................. 272
9.3.2 Inorganic Materials ............................ 272
9.4 Development of MIP Nanomaterials ...................... 273
9.4.1 Limitation of Traditional MIPs ................. 273
9.4.2 Exploration of Novel Molecular Imprinting
Strategies ..................................... 274
9.4.3 Attractiveness of MIP Nanomaterials ............ 275
9.5 MIP-Based Biosensors .................................. 276
9.5.1 Molecular Recognition of MIP-Based
Biosensors ..................................... 276
9.5.2 Interfacing the MIPs with a Transducer ......... 278
9.5.3 Electrochemical Sensors ........................ 279
9.5.4 Optical Sensors ................................ 282
9.5.5 Mass-Sensitive Devices ......................... 288
9.6 Conclusions ........................................... 294
References ................................................. 294
10 Biosensors Based on Sol-Gel Nanoparticle Matrices .......... 305
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 305
10.2 Sol-Gel Chemistry ..................................... 306
10.2.1 What Is Sol-Gel? ............................... 306
10.2.2 The Sol-Gel Process ............................ 306
10.2.3 Nanoparticles from the Sol-Gel Process ......... 309
10.3 Biosensors Based on Sol-Gel Nanoparticle Matrices ..... 309
10.3.1 Silica Nanoparticle for Biosensing ............. 310
10.3.2 Sol-Gel-Derived Metal Oxide Nanoparticle ....... 316
10.3.3 Sol-Gel Nanocomposite Matrix for Biosensing .... 319
10.4 Conclusions ........................................... 326
References ................................................. 326
11 Nanostructure for Nitric Oxide Electrochemical
Sensing .................................................... 333
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 333
11.2 Nanostructure for Nitric Oxide Determination .......... 334
11.3 Nanomaterials for Modification of NO Electrochemical
Sensors ............................................... 336
11.4 Conclusions ........................................... 344
References ................................................. 345
12 Assembly of Nanostructures for Taste Sensing ............... 349
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 349
12.2 Nanoassembled Films for Taste Sensor Application ...... 350
12.2.1 Nanoassembled Conducting Polymers for Taste
Sensor Application ............................. 350
12.2.2 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composite for an
Impedimetric Electronic Tongue ................. 352
12.3 Sensor Array Based on Gold Nanoparticle-Fluorophore
Complexes ............................................. 352
12.3.1 Detection of Proteins .......................... 353
12.3.2 Detection of Bacteria and Mammalian Cells ...... 355
12.4 Catalytic Nanomaterial-Based Optical Sensor and
Sensor Array .......................................... 356
12.4.1 Nanomaterial-Based Cataluminescence Sensors
for Vapor Sensing .............................. 356
12.4.2 Catalytic Nanomaterial-Based Optical
Chemosensor Array for Recognition and
Discrimination Odors ........................... 358
12.4.3 Recognition of Organic Compounds in Aqueous
Solutions by Chemiluminescence on Catalytic
Nanoparticle Arrays ............................ 361
12.5 Conclusions ........................................... 363
References ................................................. 363
13 Nanostructured Biosensing for Detection of Insecticides .... 365
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 365
13.1.1 Conventional Strategies for Detection of
Pesticides ..................................... 365
13.1.2 Developments in Pesticide Biosensors ........... 366
13.2 Enzymes Used in Pesticide Biosensors .................. 367
13.2.1 ChE-ChO Bienzyme-Based Biosensors for
Pesticides ..................................... 367
13.2.2 AChE-Based Biosensors for Pesticides ........... 369
13.2.3 OPH-Based Biosensors for Pesticides ............ 371
13.3 Nanostructured Biosensor Design for Pesticide
Analysis .............................................. 372
13.3.1 Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanobiosensor for
Pesticides ..................................... 372
13.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles as Transducer for
Detection of Pesticide ......................... 375
13.3.3 Quantum Dots as Transducers for Detection
of Pesticides .................................. 376
13.4 Pesticide Immunosensors ............................... 377
13.4.1 Detection Methods for Pesticide
Immunosensors .................................. 377
13.4.2 Immunosensors for Pesticides ................... 378
13.5 Nanotechnology for Biomonitoring of AChE Activity
and Pesticides ........................................ 381
13.5.1 Biomarkers of Organophosphate Pesticide
Exposure ....................................... 381
13.5.2 Biomonitoring of ChE Activity .................. 382
13.6 Conclusions ........................................... 384
References ................................................. 385
14 Carbohydrate Detection Using Nanostructured Biosensing ..... 393
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 393
14.2 Structural Depiction of Glycans ....................... 394
14.2.1 Basic Structural Unit of Glycans ............... 394
14.2.2 Glycoconjugate ................................. 394
14.2.3 Major Classes of Glycoconjugates and
Oligosaccharides ............................... 394
14.3 Biological Roles of Glycans ........................... 396
14.4 Difficulty in Studying Genetic Glycosylation
Defects ............................................... 397
14.5 Protein-Glycan Interactions ........................... 397
14.6 Techniques Used to Identify a Carbohydrate and Its
Derivates ............................................. 398
14.6.1 General Considerations for Analyzing the
Primary Structure of a Carbohydrate ............ 398
14.6.2 Detection of Carbohydrates ..................... 399
14.6.3 Linkage Analysis ............................... 400
14.7 Nanotechnology ........................................ 402
14.7.1 Analysis of Carbohydrates in Biological
System with Nanostructure Device/Components .... 402
14.7.2 Other Principles of Direct Carbohydrate
Detection ...................................... 404
14.7.3 Carbohydrate Components in Biosensors .......... 413
14.8 Conclusions ........................................... 420
References ................................................. 420
15 Nanomaterials for Immunosensors and Immunoassays ........... 425
15.1 Introduction .......................................... 425
15.2 Principle of Immunoassays and Immunosensors ........... 426
15.2.1 Antigen, Antibody, and Their Recognition
Reaction ....................................... 426
15.2.2 Immunoassays and Immunosensors ................. 427
15.3 Immunosensors Based on Biocompatible Nanomaterials .... 429
15.3.1 Nanomaterials Used as Immobilization
Substrates ..................................... 429
15.3.2 Nanomaterials Used as Signal Tags .............. 436
15.3.3 Nanomaterials Used as Probe Carriers ........... 444
15.4 Conclusions ........................................... 447
References ................................................. 448
16 Nanostructured Biosensing and Biochips for DNA Analysis .... 453
16.1 Introduction .......................................... 453
16.2 Nanostructures in DNA Biosensing ...................... 455
16.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes for DNA Analysis .............. 455
16.2.2 Metal Nanoparticles for DNA Analysis ........... 464
16.2.3 Semiconductor Nanostructures for DNA
Analysis ....................................... 467
16.3 Nanostructures for DNA Biochips ....................... 471
16.3.1 Optical Techniques for DNA Biochips ............ 471
16.3.2 Electrochemical Methods for DNA Biochips ....... 474
16.4 Conclusions ........................................... 475
References ................................................. 479
17 Cytosensing and Cell Surface Carbohydrate Assay by
Assembly of Nanoparticles .................................. 485
17.1 Introduction .......................................... 485
17.2 Why Use Nanomaterials in Cytosensing? ................. 486
17.3 Cytosensing by Assembly of Nanomaterials .............. 487
17.3.1 Fluorescence Imaging by Assembly of
Nanoparticles .................................. 488
17.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging by Assembly of
Magnetic Nanoparticles ......................... 499
17.3.3 Cellular Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
(SERS) Detection by Assembly of
Nanoparticles .................................. 506
17.3.4 Colorimetric Cytosensing by Assembly of
Nanoparticles .................................. 511
17.3.5 Electrochemical Cytosensing by Assembly of
Nanomaterials .................................. 511
17.4 Cell Surface Carbohydrate Assay by Assembly of
Nanoparticles ......................................... 517
17.4.1 Cell Surface Carbohydrate Assay Based on
Nanomaterial Substrates ........................ 518
17.4.2 Cell Surface Carbohydrate Assay Based on
Nanoprobes ..................................... 520
17.5 Conclusions ........................................... 527
References ................................................. 528
18 Nanobiosensing for Clinical Diagnosis ...................... 535
18.1 Introduction .......................................... 535
18.2 Nanotechnologies in Biosensing ........................ 536
18.2.1 Nanomaterials for Biological Detection ......... 536
18.2.2 Nanofabrication ................................ 544
18.2.3 Nanodevices .................................... 548
18.3 Nanobiosensing for Clinical Diagnosis ................. 555
18.3.1 Glucose Detection .............................. 555
18.3.2 Disease Protein Biomarker Detection ............ 556
18.3.3 DNA Detection .................................. 558
18.3.4 Virus Detection ................................ 560
18.3.5 Bacteria Detection ............................. 561
18.3.6 Cancer Cell Detection .......................... 561
18.4 Conclusions ........................................... 562
References ................................................. 562
Index ......................................................... 569
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