Foreword ....................................................... xi
Bernard Vandermeersch and Ofer Bar-Yosef
1 Introduction ................................................. 3
What Creates Variability? .................................... 4
The Processes that Formed Mousterian Lithic Assemblages ...... 7
The Levantine Middle Paleolithic: An Overview ............... 10
Lithic Variability in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic ...... 12
Why Look at Qafzeh Cave for Clues about Lithic
Variability? ................................................ 15
2 Premises and Concepts Underlying the Study of the Qafzeh
Lithics The Sample .......................................... 16
Understanding Reduction Processes ........................... 17
The Organization of Lithic Production and Use ............... 22
3 Qafzeh Cave: The Region and the Site ........................ 29
The Region 29 The Site ...................................... 33
4 Lithic Production: 1. The Cores ............................. 43
Beginning at the End: Cores as a Key to Understanding
Lithic Variability Summary .................................. 60
5 Lithic Production: 2. The Debitage .......................... 61
Blanks as Indicators of Reduction Sequences ................. 61
Levallois and Non-Levallois Blanks .......................... 63
Debitage Characteristics .................................... 64
Core Management Pieces ...................................... 80
Diversity and Flexibility in Lithic Production .............. 89
Strategies of Lithic Production ............................ 102
Summary .................................................... 105
6 Lithic Production: 3. The Retouched Artifacts .............. 107
What Mean These Stones—And How Can We Find Out? ............ 107
The Typological Composition of the Assemblages ............. 109
Blank Selection ............................................ 127
Retouch Characteristics .................................... 142
Reduction or Imposed Form in the Side-Scrapers of
Qafzeh? .................................................... 152
Summary .................................................... 154
7 The Organization of Lithic Technology in Qafzeh ............ 156
Foraging Behaviors, Form of Mobility, and Lithic
Organization ............................................... 157
Looking at Inter-Assemblage Variability .................... 160
The Organizational Context of Lithic Production and Use
in Qafzeh .................................................. 167
Underlying Factors of Lithic Production and Use:
Functional Efficacy or Cultural Tradition? ................. 189
Summary .................................................... 194
8 Qafzeh Cave in a Broader Perspective: Subsistence and
Mobility Patterns in the Middle Paleolithic of the
Levant ..................................................... 196
The Environmental Context of the Levantine Middle
Paleolithic ................................................ 197
Explanations of Lithic Variability in the Levantine
Middle Paleolithic: Do the Models Work? .................... 207
Reconstructing Land-Use Patterns in the Levantine Middle
Paleolithic ................................................ 218
The Case for Cultural Traditions ........................... 227
9 Population Dynamics during the Middle Paleolithic Period
in the Levant .............................................. 230
Linking Anatomy, Lithic Technology, and Mobility
Patterns ................................................... 231
The Three C's: Coexistence, Competition, Continuity ........ 233
10 Concluding Comments: Tracing Behavioral Modernity in the
Levantine Record ........................................... 240
Appendix 1: The History of Excavations in Middle Paleolithic
Sites in the Levant: 1925-1999 .................... 247
Appendix 2: Attributes Used in Core Analysis .................. 250
Appendix 3: Attributes Used in the Analysis of Flakes and
Flake Tools ....................................... 252
Appendix 4: Notes on Typological Classification of the
Qafzeh Assemblages ................................ 254
Appendix 5: Detailed Counts of Debitage and Tools ............. 256
Appendix 6: Radiometric Dates of Levantine Mousterian Sites ... 267
Notes ......................................................... 274
References .................................................... 283
Index ......................................................... 317
|
