List of Figures ................................................ xv
List of Tables ................................................ xix
1 The Semantic Web ............................................. 1
1.1 Information and knowledge ............................... 2
1.1.1 Knowledge representation ......................... 3
1.1.2 Ontologies and knowledge lifecycles .............. 6
1.2 Agency and reasoning .................................... 8
1.2.1 Communication and societies ........................... 11
1.3 Knowledge services ..................................... 14
1.4 Book outline ........................................... 17
1.5 Suggested reading ...................................... 18
2 Web knowledge ............................................... 19
2.1 Resource description framework ......................... 20
2.1.1 RDF resources and representation ................ 22
2.1.2 An XML syntax for RDF ........................... 24
2.2 RDF schema vocabularies ................................ 29
2.2.1 RDF schema concepts ............................. 30
2.2.2 An RDF syntax for RDF schema .................... 33
2.3 The web ontology language .............................. 37
2.3.1 An RDF syntax for OWL-Lite ...................... 40
2.3.2 OWL-DLand OWL-Full .............................. 45
2.4 Summary ................................................ 50
2.5 Exercises .............................................. 54
2.6 Suggested reading ...................................... 54
3 Reactive agents ............................................. 56
3.1 Rational agency ......................................... 58
3.1.1 Distributed agent systems ....................... 60
3.2 Reactive agent systems .................................. 61
3.2.1 Equation-based reactive systems ................. 63
3.2.2 State-based reactive systems .................... 67
3.2.3 Verification of state-based reactive systems .... 69
3.3 Summary ................................................ 77
3.4 Exercises .............................................. 80
3.5 Suggested reading ...................................... 81
4 Practical reasoning and deductive agents .................... 83
4.1 The BDI model .......................................... 84
4.2 Planning agents ........................................ 86
4.3 Set-theoretic planning ................................. 93
4.4 Deductive reasoning agent systems ...................... 96
4.4.1 Temporal deductive systems ...................... 100
4.5 Hybrid agent systems .................................. 108
4.6 Summary ............................................... 111
4.7 Exercises ............................................. 113
4.8 Suggested reading ..................................... 114
5 Reasoning on the Web ....................................... 115
5.1 Query languages ....................................... 116
5.1.1 SPARQL query language .......................... 119
5.2 Description logics .................................... 124
5.2.1 Description language ........................... 126
5.2.2 Knowledge representation ....................... 130
5.2.3 Reasoning by knowledge inference ............... 132
5.2.4 Reasoning techniques ........................... 134
5.3 Beyond ontologies ..................................... 137
5.3.1 Rule languages ................................. 137
5.3.2 Frame systems .................................. 141
5.4 Summary ............................................... 145
5.5 Exercises ............................................. 147
5.6 Suggested reading ..................................... 148
6 Agent communication ........................................ 150
6.1 Knowledge and communication ........................... 151
6.2 Communication techniques .............................. 152
6.2.1 The Linda architecture ......................... 153
6.2.2 Message passing in SOAP ........................ 155
6.2.3 Peer-to-peer architecture ...................... 159
6.3 Agent ontologies ...................................... 161
6.3.1 Performative verbs ............................. 162
6.3.2 The FIPA agent communication language .......... 163
6.3.3 FIPA-ACL formal model .......................... 166
6.3.4 FIPA-ACL messages .............................. 168
6.4 Dialogues ............................................. 170
6.4.1 Dialogue frames ................................ 172
6.5 Artificial social systems ............................. 175
6.5.1 Electronic institutions ........................ 177
6.5.2 Protocol languages ............................. 181
6.6 Summary ............................................... 187
6.7 Exercises ............................................. 189
6.8 Suggested reading ..................................... 191
7 Semantic Web services ...................................... 193
7.1 Service-oriented architecture ......................... 194
7.2 Web services architecture ............................. 197
7.3 Web service description language ...................... 199
7.4 Knowledge services .................................... 203
7.4.1 Web services and agents ........................ 204
7.4.2 Multiagent services ............................ 206
7.4.3 Agent-based service composition ................ 209
7.5 Service ontologies .................................... 215
7.5.1 OWL service ontology ........................... 216
7.5.2 OWL-S profile description ...................... 218
7.5.3 OWL-S process model ............................ 220
7.5.4 OWL-S task model ............................... 224
7.5.5 OWL-S grounding ................................ 228
7.5.6 Web services modelling ontology ................ 229
7.6 Summary ............................................... 232
7.7 Exercises ............................................. 233
7.8 Suggested reading ..................................... 234
8 Conclusions ................................................ 236
8.1 The Semantic Web vision ............................... 236
8.1.1 Ontology mapping ............................... 239
8.1.2 Trust .......................................... 243
8.2 Suggested reading ..................................... 246
Index ......................................................... 247
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