Contributors ................................................... xi
Foreword by Sally Collins ...................................... xv
Introduction ................................................. xvii
Chapter 1 Science, Ethics, and the Historical Roots of Our
Ecological Crisis: Was White Right? ........................ 3
Thomas J. Sauer and Michael P. Nelson
1.1 Introduction ............................................. 3
1.2 Historical Perspective on Soil Degradation ............... 4
1.3 The New Challenge of Global Climate Change ............... 5
1.4 White .................................................... 8
1.5 Other Views on the Ethics of Land Use: Leopold et al. .... 9
1.6 Ethical Considerations of Strategies for Climate Change
Mitigation: An Example .................................. 11
1.7 Conclusions ............................................. 13
Acknowledgements ........................................ 14
Chapter 2 Intellectual Inertia: An Uneasy Tension between
Collective Validation of the Known and Encouraging
Exploration of the Unknown ................................ 17
John M. Norman
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 17
2.2 Defining Intellectual Inertia ........................... 17
2.3 Examples of Intellectual Inertia ........................ 18
2.4 Intellectual Inertia is Unavoidable But Requires
Vigilance ............................................... 21
2.5 Intellectual Inertia and Climate Change Science ......... 23
2.6 Optimizing Intellectual Inertia ......................... 26
Chapter 3 The Ethics of Soil: Stewardship, Motivation,
and Moral Framing ......................................... 31
Paul B. Thompson
3.1 Introduction ............................................ 31
3.2 Private Property and Personal Ethics .................... 32
3.3 Common Pool Resources ................................... 33
3.4 Public Policy ........................................... 35
3.5 Instrumental Values of Soil ............................. 36
3.6 Beyond Instrumental Value ............................... 38
3.7 Conclusion and Next Steps ............................... 40
Chapter 4 Aldo Leopold and the Land Ethic: An Argument for
Sustaining Soils .......................................... 43
Susan L. Flader
4.1 Introduction ............................................ 43
4.2 The Shaping of a Progressive ............................ 43
4.3 Erosion as a Menace ..................................... 45
4.4 Standards of Conservation ............................... 46
4.5 Conservation as a Moral Issue ........................... 47
4.6 Wildlife and Soils ...................................... 49
4.7 The Conservation Ethic .................................. 50
4.8 An Adventure in Cooperative Conservation ................ 52
4.9 Land Pathology .......................................... 55
4.10 Land Health ............................................ 56
4.11 The Land Ethic ......................................... 59
4.12 Epilogue ............................................... 61
Chapter 5 Rural Response to Climate Change in Poor Countries:
Ethics, Policies, and Scientific Support Systems in Their
Agricultural Environment .................................. 67
C. J. (Kees) Stigter
5.1 Introduction ............................................ 67
5.2 Ethics .................................................. 68
5.3 Policies ................................................ 69
5.4 Scientific Support Systems .............................. 71
5.5 Conclusions ............................................. 75
Chapter 6 Soil and Human Health ................................ 79
Eiliv Steinnes
6.1 Introduction ............................................ 79
6.2 Essential Trace Elements ................................ 80
6.3 Concerns for the Future ................................. 84
Chapter 7 Agroecological Approaches to Help "Climate Proof"
Agriculture While Raising Productivity in the Twenty-First
Century ................................................... 87
Norman Uphoff
7.1 Introduction ............................................ 87
7.2 Agroecological Approaches ............................... 88
7.3 The System of Rice Intensification ...................... 90
7.4 Effects of SRI Practices on Agriculture Affected by Climate
Change .................................................. 93
7.5 Applications to Crops Other than Rice ................... 97
7.6 Climate-Proofing Agriculture ............................ 98
Chapter 8 Ecological Integrity and Biological Integrity:
The Right to Food ........................................ 103
Laura Westra
8.1 Introduction ........................................... 103
8.2 Ecological Integrity and Food Production Today ......... 104
8.3 The Legal Status of Genetically Modified Organisms ..... 110
8.4 Western Diets and Lifestyle Preferences: Vegan
versus Carnivore ....................................... 112
8.5 Conclusion ............................................. 113
Chapter 9 Soil Ecosystem Services: Sustaining Returns
on Investment into Natural Capital ....................... 117
Brent E. Clothier, Alistair J. Hall, Markus Deurer,
Steven R. Green, and Alec D. Mackay
9.1 Introduction ........................................... 117
9.2 F. H. King—"Farmers of Forty Centuries" ................ 118
9.3 Soil: Valuable Natural Capital ......................... 120
9.4 Valuing Ecosystem Services ............................. 123
9.5 Valuing Carbon and Soil Ecosystem Services ............. 125
9.6 Valuing Terroir ........................................ 129
9.7 Land-Use Policy, Nutrient Management,and
Natural Capital ........................................ 133
9.8 Conclusion ............................................. 136
Chapter 10 Climate and Land Degradation ...................... 141
Mannava V K. Sivakumar
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 141
10.2 Influence of Land Surface Changes on Climate .......... 142
10.3 Climate Change and Land Degradation ................... 142
10.4 Climate Variability and Impacts on Land Degradation ... 145
10.5 Technologies, Policies, and Measures to Address the
Linkages between Climate and Land Degradation ......... 151
10.6 Future Perspectives ................................... 151
Chapter 11 The Role of Soils and Biogeochemistry in the
Climate and Earth System ................................. 155
Elisabeth A. Holland
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 155
11.2 Lessons Learned from the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change ..................................... 155
11.3 The Carbon Cycle ...................................... 159
11.4 The Nitrogen Cycle .................................... 163
11.5 Future of Earth System Models ......................... 165
Chapter 12 Net Agricultural Greenhouse Gases:
Mitigation Strategies and Implications ................... 169
Claudia Wagner-Riddle and Alfons Weersink
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 169
12.2 Mitigation Practices for Reduction of Net
GHG Emissions ......................................... 170
12.3 Net GHG Reduction ..................................... 172
12.4 Case Study 1: GHG Emission Mitigation through Composting
of Liquid Swine Manure ................................ 172
12.5 Case Study 2: Direct and Indirect N20 Emission
Reduction through Soil Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilizer
Management Practices .................................. 174
12.6 Designing Policies for Reduced Nitrogen
Fertilizer Use ........................................ 175
12.7 Conclusion ............................................ 180
Chapter 13 Overview on Response of Global Soil Carbon Pools
to Climate and Land-Use Changes ...........................183
Thomas Eglin, Philippe Ciais, Shi Long Piao,Pierre Barré,
Valentin Belassen, Patricia Cadule, Claire Chenu,
Thomas Gasser, Markus Reichstein, and Pete Smith
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 183
13.2 Global Distribution of SOC ............................ 183
13.3 Global Vulnerability of SOC to Climate
and Land-Use Change ................................... 185
13.4 Historical Land Cover, Agricultural Management,
and Climate Change Effects on SOC ..................... 186
13.5 Future Changes in Climate and Land Use
and the SOC Balance ................................... 190
13.6 Discussion: Uncertainties and Future Directions ....... 192
13.7 Conclusions ........................................... 193
13.8 Methods ............................................... 194
Acknowledgement ....................................... 195
Chapter 14 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on
Microbial Function in Soil: The Effect of Elevated
CO2 Concentration ........................................ 201
Paolo Nannipieri
14.1 Introduction ...........................................201
14.2 Effect of CO2, Concentration
on Plant C Inputs including Rhizodeposition to Soil ... 202
14.3 Effects of Elevated CO2,
Concentration on Activity, Size, and Composition
of Soil Microbiota .................................... 203
14.4 Effects of Elevated CO2,
Concentration on Mycorrhizal Infections
of Plants ............................................. 205
14.5 Effect of Elevated CO2,
Concentration on Biotic Interactions
and on the Rhizosphere Microfauna ..................... 205
14.6 Effects of Increased CO2,
Concentration, Global Warming, and Changes in Soil
Moisture on Microbial Functions Related to
C Sequestration in Soil ............................... 206
14.7 Conclusions ........................................... 208
Chapter 15 Impacts of Climate Change on Forest Soil Carbon:
Uncertainties and Lessons from Afforestation
Case Studies ............................................. 213
Philip J. Polglase and Keryn I. Paul
15.1 Introduction .......................................... 213
15.2 Afforestation Overview ................................ 215
15.3 Implications for Predicting Climate Change Impacts .... 218
15.4 Modeling the Impacts of Climate Change on
Soil Carbon ........................................... 219
15.5 Conclusion ............................................ 222
Acknowledgments ....................................... 222
Chapter 16 The Effect of Forest Management on
Soil Organic Carbon ...................................... 225
Giustino Tonon, Silvia Dezi, Maurizio Ventura,
and Francesca Scandellari
16.1 Forest Ecosystems and Global Carbon Cycle ............. 225
16.2 Effect of Forest Management on Soil Organic Carbon
Sequestration ......................................... 227
16.3 Forest Management Strategies and Forest Structures
Improving Carbon Storage .............................. 234
16.4 Conclusions ........................................... 235
Index ......................................................... 239
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