Preface ........................................................ ix
Preface to the First Edition ................................... xi
Authors ........................................................ xv
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Preliminary Remarks ..................................... 1
1.2 Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics ...................... 1
1.3 Units and Nomenclature .................................. 2
1.4 Thermodynamic Variables and Properties .................. 3
1.5 Reversible Processes, Irreversible Processes, and
Efficiency with Perfect Gases ........................... 5
1.6 Equations of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics ......... 7
1.7 Turbomachines ........................................... 9
1.8 Classifications ........................................ 10
1.9 Turbomachine Performance and Rating .................... 15
1.10 Rating and Performance for Liquid Pumps ................ 24
1.11 Compressible Flow Machines ............................. 28
1.12 Typical Performance Curves ............................. 32
1.13 Machine and System ..................................... 36
1.14 Summary ................................................ 38
Exercise Problems ........................................... 42
2 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity for Turbomachinery ...... 53
2.1 Dimensionality ......................................... 53
2.2 Similitude ............................................. 54
2.3 Dimensionless Numbers and П-Products ................... 55
2.4 Dimensionless Performance Variables and Similarity
for Turbomachinery ..................................... 59
2.5 Compressible Flow Similarity ........................... 65
2.6 Specific Speed and Specific Diameter ................... 68
2.7 Correlations of Machine Type and the Cordier
Diagrams ............................................... 72
2.8 Summary ................................................ 77
Exercise Problems ........................................... 78
3 Scaling Laws, Limitations, and Cavitation ................... 89
3.1 Scaling of Performance ................................. 89
3.2 Limitations and Corrections for Reynolds Number
and Surface Roughness .................................. 92
3.3 Compressibility (Mach Number) Limitations and
Corrections ............................................ 95
3.4 Cavitation Avoidance in Pumps (and Turbines) ........... 99
3.5 Summary ............................................... 106
Exercise Problems .......................................... 107
4 Turbomachinery Noise ....................................... 117
4.1 Introductory Remarks .................................. 117
4.2 Sound and Noise ....................................... 117
4.3 Fan Noise ............................................. 120
4.4 Sound Power and Sound Pressure ........................ 124
4.5 Outdoor Propagation ................................... 125
4.6 Indoor Propagation .................................... 129
4.7 A Note on Pump Noise .................................. 133
4.8 Compressor and Turbine Noise .......................... 134
4.9 Summary ............................................... 139
Exercise Problems .......................................... 139
5 Performance Estimation, Machine Selection, and
Preliminary Design ......................................... 147
5.1 Preliminary Remarks ................................... 147
5.2 Cordier Diagram and Machine Type ...................... 147
5.3 Estimating the Efficiency ............................. 154
5.4 Preliminary Machine Selection ......................... 158
5.5 Fan Selection from Vendor Data ........................ 163
5.6 Pump Selection from Vendor Data ....................... 170
5.7 Selection of Variable Pitch and Variable Inlet Vane
Fans .................................................. 174
5.8 Summary ............................................... 178
Exercise Problems .......................................... 179
6 Fundamentals of Flow in Turbomachinery ..................... 191
6.1 Preliminary Remarks ................................... 191
6.2 Blade and Cascade Geometry ............................ 191
6.3 Velocity Diagrams ..................................... 193
6.4 Energy (Work) Transfer in a Rotor ..................... 195
6.5 Work, Head, Pressure, and Efficiency .................. 201
6.6 Preliminary Design of an Axial Fan .................... 203
6.7 Diffusion Considerations .............................. 207
6.8 Diffusion Limits in Axial Flow Machines ............... 210
6.9 Preliminary Design and Diffusion Limits in Radial
Flow .................................................. 214
6.10 Summary ............................................... 218
Exercise Problems .......................................... 220
7 Velocity Diagrams and Flow Path Layout ..................... 225
7.1 Preliminary Remarks ................................... 225
7.2 Velocity Diagram Parameters for Axial Flow Machines ... 225
7.3 Axial Flow Pumps, Fans, and Compressors ............... 228
7.4 Axial Flow Turbines ................................... 236
7.5 Hub-Tip Variations for Axial Flow Machines ............ 244
7.6 Radial and Mixed Flow ................................. 247
7.7 Mixed Flow Example .................................... 250
7.8 Radial Flow Layout: Centrifugal Blowers ............... 256
7.9 Radial Flow Layout: A Centrifugal Pump ................ 261
7.10 Radial Flow Layout: Turbocharger Components ........... 263
7.11 Diffusers and Volutes ................................. 271
7.12 Axial Flow Diffusers .................................. 271
7.13 Radial Flow: Volute Diffusere ......................... 275
7.14 Summary ............................................... 278
Exercise Problems .......................................... 279
8 Two-Dimensional Cascades ................................... 287
8.1 One-, Two-, and Three-dimensional Flow Models ......... 287
8.2 Axial Flow Cascades: Basic Geometry and Simple Flow
Models ................................................ 288
8.3 Systematic Investigation of Axial Cascade Flow ........ 291
8.4 Correlations for Cascade Performance .................. 296
8.5 Blade Number and Low-Solidity Cascades ................ 304
8.6 Diffusion Limitations and Selection of Solidity ....... 308
8.7 Losses in Diffusing Cascades .......................... 313
8.8 Axial Flow Turbine Cascades ........................... 317
8.9 Radial Flow Cascades .................................. 321
8.10 Solidity of Centrifugal Cascades ...................... 330
8.11 Summary ............................................... 332
Exercise Problems .......................................... 333
9 Quasi-Three-Dimensional Flow ............................... 345
9.1 Quasi-Three-Dimensional Flow Model .................... 345
9.2 Simple Radial Equilibrium for Axial Flow Machines ..... 347
9.3 Approximate Solutions for SRE ......................... 352
9.4 Extension to Nonuniform Inflow ........................ 358
9.5 Q3D Model for Centrifugal Machines .................... 361
9.6 Simpler Solutions ..................................... 363
9.7 Summary ............................................... 374
Exercise Problems .......................................... 375
10 Advanced Topics in Performance and Design .................. 381
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 381
10.2 Freestream Turbulence Intensity ....................... 381
10.3 Secondary and 3D Flow Effects ......................... 383
10.4 Low Reynolds Number Effects in Axial Flow Cascades .... 386
10.5 Stall, Surge, and Loss of Stability ................... 393
10.6 CFD in Turbomachinery ................................. 400
10.7 Summary ............................................... 403
References ................................................. 405
Appendix A .................................................... 415
Appendix В .................................................... 421
Index ......................................................... 425
|
