Preface ...................................................... xvii
Acknowledgments ............................................... xix
Authors ....................................................... xxi
Part I
Chapter 1 Processing Principles ................................ 3
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 3
1.2 Units and Conversions ...................................... 3
1.3 Basic Chemistry Concepts ................................... 6
1.4 Specification Test Methods ................................ 21
1.5 Thermodynamics ............................................ 22
Discussion Questions ........................................... 31
Exercises ...................................................... 31
References ..................................................... 31
Chapter 2 Pumps ............................................... 33
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 33
2.2 Pump Fundamentals ......................................... 33
2.3 Centrifugal Pumps ......................................... 36
2.4 Reciprocating Pumps ....................................... 47
2.5 Rotary Pumps .............................................. 49
2.6 Pump Comparisons .......................................... 50
Discussion Questions ........................................... 51
Exercises ...................................................... 51
References ..................................................... 52
Chapter 3 Heat Transfer ....................................... 53
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 53
3.2 Modes of Heat Transfer .................................... 53
3.3 Cooling and Heating Sources ............................... 61
3.4 Heat Exchanger Types ...................................... 62
3.5 Reboilers ................................................. 69
Discussion Questions ........................................... 72
Exercises ...................................................... 72
References ..................................................... 73
Chapter 4 Separation Processes ................................ 75
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 75
4.2 Distillation .............................................. 75
4.3 Absorption ................................................ 84
4.4 Column Internals .......................................... 88
4.5 Adsorption ................................................ 90
4.6 Membranes ................................................. 96
4.7 Summary .................................................. 101
Discussion Questions .......................................... 103
Exercises ..................................................... 103
References .................................................... 104
Chapter 5 Phase Separation Equipment ......................... 105
5.1 Gas-Liquid Separators .................................... 105
5.2 Filter Separators and Coalescing Filters ................. 110
5.3 Cyclone Separators ....................................... 112
5.4 Liquid-Liquid Separators ................................. 112
5.5 Residence Time for Various Separator Applications ........ 112
5.6 Filters .................................................. 114
Discussion Questions .......................................... 116
References .................................................... 116
Part II
Chapter 6 Overview of the Natural Gas Industry .............. 121
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 121
6.2 Sources of Natural Gas ................................... 125
6.3 Composition of Natural Gas ............................... 132
6.4 Classification ........................................... 135
6.5 Principal Products and Markets ........................... 136
6.6 Product Specifications ................................... 139
6.7 Combustion Characteristics ............................... 140
Discussion Questions .......................................... 144
Exercises ..................................................... 145
References .................................................... 145
WebSites ...................................................... 147
Chapter 7 Overview of Gas Plant Processing ................... 149
7.1 Roles of Gas Plants ...................................... 149
7.2 Plant Processes .......................................... 149
7.3 Important Support Components ............................. 152
7.4 Contractual Agreements and Economics ..................... 155
7.5 Operational Measures ..................................... 157
Discussion Questions .......................................... 159
References .................................................... 159
Chapter 8 Field Operations and Inlet Receiving ............... 161
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 162
8.2 Field Operations ......................................... 162
8.3 Gas Hydrates ............................................. 170
8.4 Inlet Receiving .......................................... 179
8.5 Safety and Environmental Considerations .................. 182
Discussion Questions .......................................... 183
Exercises ..................................................... 183
References .................................................... 184
WebSites ...................................................... 184
Chapter 9 Compression ........................................ 185
9.1 Introduction ............................................. 185
9.2 Fundamentals ............................................. 186
9.3 Drivers .................................................. 193
9.4 Compressor Types ......................................... 193
9.5 Capacity and Power Calculations .......................... 202
9.6 Comparison of Reciprocating and Centrifugal
Compressors .............................................. 208
9.7 Safety and Environmental Considerations .................. 209
Discussion Questions .......................................... 209
Exercises ..................................................... 209
References .................................................... 210
Chapter 10 Gas Treating ....................................... 211
10.1 Introduction ............................................. 211
10.2 Solvent Absorption Processes ............................. 215
10.3 Physical Absorption ...................................... 226
10.4 Adsorption ............................................... 230
10.5 Cryogenic Fractionation .................................. 232
10.6 Membranes ................................................ 234
10.7 Nonregenerable Hydrogen Sulfide Scavengers ............... 237
10.8 Biological Processes ..................................... 238
10.9 Safety and Environmental Considerations .................. 238
Discussion Questions .......................................... 239
Exercises ..................................................... 239
References .................................................... 240
Chapter 11 Gas Dehydration .................................... 243
11.1 Introduction ............................................. 244
11.2 Water Content of Hydrocarbons ............................ 244
11.3 Gas Dehydration Processes ................................ 248
11.4 Safety and Environmental Considerations .................. 268
Discussion Questions .......................................... 268
Exercises ..................................................... 269
References .................................................... 270
Chapter 12 Hydrocarbon Recovery ............................... 273
12.1 Introduction ............................................. 273
12.2 Process Components ....................................... 275
12.3 Liquids Removal Processes ................................ 286
12.4 Safety and Environmental Considerations .................. 297
Discussion Questions .......................................... 298
Exercises ..................................................... 298
References .................................................... 299
Chapter 13 Nitrogen Rejection ................................. 301
13.1 Introduction ............................................. 301
13.2 Nitrogen Rejection for Gas Upgrading ..................... 302
13.3 Nitrogen Rejection for Enhanced Oil Recovery Using
Cryogenic Distillation ................................... 305
13.4 Safety and Environmental Considerations .................. 307
Discussion Questions .......................................... 307
Exercises ..................................................... 307
References .................................................... 308
Chapter 14 Trace Component Recovery or Removal ................ 311
14.1 Introduction ............................................. 311
14.2 Helium ................................................... 315
14.3 Mercury .................................................. 319
14.4 Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes .............. 321
Discussion Questions .......................................... 323
Exercises ..................................................... 323
References .................................................... 324
WebSites ...................................................... 325
Chapter 15 Liquids Processing ................................. 327
15.1 Introduction ............................................. 327
15.2 Condensate Processing .................................... 328
15.3 NGL Processing ........................................... 329
15.4 Safety and Environmental Considerations ................. 336
Discussion Questions .......................................... 336
Exercises ..................................................... 337
References .................................................... 337
Chapter 16 Acid Gas Processing and Disposal ................... 339
16.1 Introduction ............................................. 339
16.2 Properties of Sulfur ..................................... 340
16.4 Sulfur Storage ........................................... 354
16.5 Acid Gas Disposal ........................................ 354
16.6 Safety and Environmental Considerations .................. 356
Discussion Questions .......................................... 357
Exercises ..................................................... 357
References .................................................... 358
Chapter 17 Transportation and Storage ......................... 361
17.1 Introduction ............................................. 361
17.2 Gas ...................................................... 361
Discussion Questions .......................................... 375
Exercises ..................................................... 376
References .................................................... 377
Chapter 18 Liquefied Natural Gas .............................. 379
18.1 Introduction ............................................. 379
18.2 Gas Treating before Liquefaction ......................... 385
18.3 Liquefaction Cycles ...................................... 387
18.4 Storage of LNG ........................................... 401
18.5 Transportation ........................................... 407
18.6 Regasification and Cold Utilization of LNG ............... 411
18.7 Economics ................................................ 412
18.8 Safety and Environmental Considerations .................. 416
Discussion Questions .......................................... 416
Exercises ..................................................... 417
References .................................................... 418
WebSites ...................................................... 420
Chapter 19 Capital Costs of Gas Processing Facilities ......... 421
19.1 Introduction ............................................. 421
19.2 Basic Premises for All Plant Component Cost Data ......... 421
19.3 Amine Treating ........................................... 421
19.4 Glycol Dehydration ....................................... 422
19.5 NGL Recovery with Straight Refrigeration (Low Ethane
Recovery) ................................................ 423
19.6 NGL Recovery with Cryogenic Processing (High Ethane
Recovery) and Nitrogen Rejection ......................... 423
19.7 Sulfur Recovery and Tail Gas Cleanup ..................... 425
19.8 NGL Extraction Plant Costs for Larger Facilities ......... 427
19.9 Corrections to Cost Data ................................. 429
Discussion Questions .......................................... 429
References .................................................... 429
Chapter 20 Natural Gas Processing Plants ...................... 431
20.1 Introduction ............................................. 431
20.2 Plant with Sweet Gas Feed and 98% Ethane Recovery ........ 431
20.3 Plant with Sour Gas Feed, NGL, and Sulfur Recovery ....... 434
20.4 Plant with Sour Gas Feed, NGL Recovery, and Nitrogen
Rejection ................................................ 437
Discussion Questions ..................................... 439
Exercises ................................................ 439
References ............................................... 440
Notation ...................................................... 441
Greek Symbols ............................................ 442
Subscripts ............................................... 443
Superscripts ............................................. 443
Appendix A: Glossary of Gas Process Terminology ............... 445
Appendix B: Physical Constants and Physical Properties ........ 457
В.1 Unit Conversion Factors ............................. 460
B.2 Gas Constants and Standard Gas Conditions ........... 461
B.3 Thermodynamic and Physical Property Data ............ 462
B.4 Hydrocarbon Compressibility Factors ................. 531
References ............................................... 533
Author Index .................................................. 535
Subject Index ................................................. 541
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