Preface ...................................................... xiii
Part I
Nano-Optics and Near-Field Microscopy .......................... xi
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
Optics at the Nanometer Scale ................................... 5
1.1 The Age of Nanometer Science and Technology ................ 5
1.2 The Role of Optics ......................................... 5
1.3 Near-Field Optical Microscopy .............................. 8
1.4 Historical Background ..................................... 12
1.5 The "Age" of Nano-Optics .................................. 15
References ..................................................... 16
CHAPTER 2
Near-Field Photonic Forces ..................................... 21
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 21
2.2 Basic Theory of Forces Due to Electromagnetic Fields ...... 22
2.3 The Dipole Approximation .................................. 23
2.4 Force on a Dipolar Particle Due to an Evanescent Wave ..... 24
2.5 Force on Particles upon Surfaces .......................... 25
2.6 Forces and Surface Topography: Nanoparticle Resonances .... 29
2.7 Optical Binding ........................................... 33
2.8 Optical Tweezers: Nanomanipulation with an Apertureless
Probe ..................................................... 35
2.9 Nanomanipulation with a Photonic Crystal .................. 40
2.10 Conclusion ................................................ 42
References ..................................................... 42
CHAPTER 3
Nano-Optics with Single Quantum Systems ........................ 47
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 47
3.2 Interaction of Light with Single Two-Level Quantum
Systems ................................................... 48
3.3 Fluorescent Molecules at Ambient Conditions as Local
Field Probes .............................................. 50
3.4 Mapping the Field Distribution in a Focused Laser Beam .... 52
3.5 Mapping the Field Distribution at a Sharp Tip ............. 55
3.6 Energy Transfer and Quenching ............................. 58
3.7 Conclusion ................................................ 62
Acknowledgments ................................................ 62
References ..................................................... 62
CHAPTER 4
Near-Field Second-Harmonic Generation .......................... 67
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 67
4.2 Near-Field Microscopy of SHG .............................. 68
4.3 Near-Field SHG at Metal Surfaces .......................... 71
4.4 Apertureless Second-Harmonic SNOM ......................... 75
4.5 Near-Field SHG Imaging of Functional Materials ............ 82
4.6 Conclusion ................................................ 88
Acknowledgments ................................................ 89
References ..................................................... 89
CHAPTER 5
Scanning Near-Field Microscopy and Lithography of Light
Emitting Polymers .............................................. 93
5.1 Introduction .............................................. 93
5.2 Conjugated Polymer Blends ................................. 94
5.3 Aperture SNOM ............................................. 95
5.4 CW and Time-Resolved Fluorescence SNOM of Polymer
Blends .................................................... 98
5.5 Photoconductivity SNOM ................................... 102
5.6 Near-Field Photolithography .............................. 103
5.7 Conclusions and Future Developments ...................... 105
Acknowledgments ............................................... 105
References .................................................... 105
Nanophotonics ................................................. 109
Introduction .................................................. 110
References .................................................... 111
CHAPTER 6
Near-Field Characterization of Planar Photonic-Crystal-
Waveguide Structures .......................................... 113
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 113
6.2 Sample Fabrication and SNOM Experimental Setup ........... 115
6.3 Near-Field Imaging of PhCWs: Qualitative
Considerations ........................................... 118
6.4 Near-Field Characterization of PhCW Components ........... 120
6.5 Conclusions .............................................. 129
Acknowledgments ............................................... 130
References .................................................... 130
CHAPTER 7
Tracking Light Pulses With Near-Field Microscopy .............. 135
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 135
7.2 Heterodyne Interferometry ................................ 136
7.3 Application in Near-Field Microscopy ..................... 140
7.4 Pulse Tracking in Dispersive Media ....................... 146
7.5 Conclusions .............................................. 156
Acknowledgments ............................................... 156
References .................................................... 156
Plasmonics .................................................... 159
Introduction .................................................. 160
References .................................................... 163
CHAPTER 8
Near-Field Optical Characterization of Plasmonic Materials .... 165
8.1 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy of Plasmonic
Structures ............................................... 165
8.2 Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Metal Films of Nanohole
Arrays ................................................... 168
8.3 Future Directions and Outlook ............................ 183
Acknowledgments ............................................... 184
References .................................................... 184
CHAPTER 9
High Enhancement and Near-Field Localization of Light on
Semi-Continuous Films ......................................... 187
9.1 Introduction ............................................. 187
9.2 Enhancement of the Electromagnetic Field on a Metal
Film ..................................................... 188
9.3 Localization of Light on Semicontinuous Films ............ 189
9.4 Conclusion ............................................... 195
Acknowledgments ............................................... 196
References .................................................... 196
CHAPTER 10
Nano-Optics with Hybrid Plasmonic Nanoparticles ............... 201
10.1 Introduction ............................................. 201
10.2 Materials ................................................ 204
10.3 Strong Coupling and Modulated Ground States .............. 206
10.4 Ultrafast Control of Molecular Energy Redistribution
Using Hybrid Plasmon-Exciton States ...................... 220
10.5 Near-Field Optical Response of Plasmon-Exciton Hybrid
Nanoparticles ............................................ 220
10.6 Conclusions .............................................. 223
Acknowledgments ............................................... 224
References .................................................... 224
Apertureless Near-Field Optical Microscopy .................... 229
Introduction .................................................. 230
References .................................................... 232
CHAPTER 11
Near-Field Nanoscopy by Elastic Light Scattering from a Tip ... 235
11.1 Introduction ............................................. 235
11.2 Principle of Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field
Optical Microscopy (s-SNOM) .............................. 236
11.3 Theory of Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical
Microscopy ............................................... 238
11.4 Elimination of Background-Scattering Contributions from
the Detector Signal ...................................... 241
11.5 Experimental Realization of s-SNOM ....................... 241
11.6 Contrast and Resolution in s-SNOM Images ................. 246
11.7 Molecular Vibrational Near-Field Contrast ................ 249
11.8 Tip-Induced Polariton Resonance .......................... 251
11.9 Nanoscale Coherent Imaging of Optical Eigenfield
Patterns ................................................. 253
11.10 Applications of s-SNOM .................................. 256
11.11 Outlook ................................................. 259
Acknowledgments ............................................... 259
References .................................................... 260
CHAPTER 12
Single-Molecule Contrast Mechanisms in Tip-Enhanced
Fluorescence Microscopy ....................................... 267
12.1 Introduction ............................................. 267
12.2 Contrast in Tip-Enhanced Fluorescence Microscopy ......... 269
12.3 Contrast with Fluorescence Modulation .................... 273
12.4 Improving Contrast via Demodulation ...................... 276
12.5 Optimizing Tip Oscillation Amplitude ..................... 279
12.6 TEFM Imaging of Single Molecules and DNA ................. 281
12.7 Conclusions .............................................. 285
References .................................................... 286
CHAPTER 13
Tip-Enhanced Optical Microscopy ............................... 289
13.1 Introduction ............................................. 289
13.2 Field-Enhancement at a Metal Tip ......................... 289
13.3 Experimental Setup ....................................... 290
13.4 Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering ............................ 291
13.5 Tip-Enhanced Photoluminescence ........................... 297
13.6 Outlook .................................................. 300
Acknowledgments ............................................... 300
References .................................................... 300
CHAPTER 14
Near-Field Optical Molecular Structuring and Manipulation
Based on the Use of Localized Surface Plasmons ................ 303
14.1 Introduction ............................................. 303
14.2 Tip-Enhanced Optical Lithography on Azobenzene-
Containing Polymers ...................................... 304
14.3 Mask-Based SPOL on Azobenezene-Containing Polymers ....... 307
14.4 Near-Field Photopolymerization Based on Localized
Surface Plasmons: Toward New Hybrid Particles for
Nanophotonics ............................................ 311
14.5 Conclusions and Future Routes ............................ 316
References .................................................... 317
CHAPTER 15
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Scanning Near-
Field Optical Microscopy ...................................... 319
15.1 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ................... 319
15.2 The Idea of FRET-Based Scanning Near-Field Optical
Microscopy ............................................... 322
15.3 Experimental Realizations of FRET SNOM ................... 325
15.4 Concluding Remarks ....................................... 330
Acknowledgments ............................................... 331
References .................................................... 332
CHAPTER 16
Recent Developments in Near-Field Optics ...................... 335
16.1 Tip-Enhanced Spectroscopy ................................ 335
16.2 Optical Antennas ......................................... 339
16.3 Far-Field Optical Nanoscopy .............................. 340
16.4 Conclusion ............................................... 341
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................ 345
About the Editors ............................................. 347
List of Contributors .......................................... 349
Index ......................................................... 353
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