Preface ................................................... XVII
List of Contributors ....................................... XIX
Part I Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes
1 Structures and Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes ................. 3
Yahachi Saito
1.1 Structures of Carbon Nanotubes .......................... 3
1.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes ........................... 7
1.3 Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Carbon
Nanotubes .............................................. 10
2 Preparation of CNT Emitters ................................. 15
Yahachi Saito
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 15
2.2 CNT Point Emitters ..................................... 15
2.2 A Direct Growth on the Apex of a Tip ................... 18
2.3 CNT Film Emitters ...................................... 19
3 Preparation of Patterned CNT Emitters ....................... 23
Mark Mann, William Ireland Milne, and Kenneth Boh Khin Teo
3.1 Background ............................................. 23
3.2 Growth of Carbon Nanotubes from Patterned Catalysts .... 25
3.3 Single Nanotube Growth - Requirements and Uniformity ... 28
3.4 Nanotube Growth without Surface Carbon ................. 32
3.5 Summary ................................................ 38
Acknowledgments ............................................. 40
References .................................................. 40
Part II Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes .................. 41
4 Field Emission Theory ....................................... 43
Seungwu Han
4.1 Fowler-Nordheim Theory ................................. 43
4.2 Field Emission from CNTs ............................... 44
4.3 Concluding Remarks ..................................... 52
References 52
5 Field Emission from Graphitic Nanostructures ................ 55
Kazuyuki Watanahe and Masaaki Araidai
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 55
5.2 Method and Model ....................................... 56
5.3 Results ................................................ 57
5.4 Conclusion ............................................. 64
Acknowledgments ............................................. 64
References .................................................. 65
6 The Optical Performance of Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters ... 67
Niels de Jonge
6.1 Introduction ........................................... 67
6.2 Making an Electron Source from an Individual Carbon
Nanotube ............................................... 68
6.3 The Emission Process ................................... 69
6.4 The Brightness ......................................... 74
6.5 Conclusions ............................................ 78
Acknowledgments ............................................. 78
References .................................................. 78
7 Heat Generation and Losses in Carbon Nanotubes during
Field Emission .............................................. 81
Stephen T. Purcell, Pascal Vincent, and Anthony Ayari
7.1 Introduction ........................................... 81
7.2 Heat Diffusion Equation for Nanotubes .................. 83
7.3 Simulations ............................................ 85
7.4 Experiments ............................................ 88
7.5 Conclusion ............................................. 92
References .................................................. 92
8 Field Emission Microscopy of Multiwall CNTs ................. 95
Yahachi Saito
8.1 Introduction ........................................... 95
8.2 FEM of Carbon Nanotubes ................................ 96
8.3 Field Emission from Adsorbates on an MWNT .............. 99
8.4 Resolution in FEM and Possible Observation of Atomic
Detail ................................................ 105
8.5 Concluding Remarks 106 References ..................... 107
9 In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of CNT Emitters ... 109
Koji Asaka and Yahachi Saito
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 109
9.2 Degradation and Failure of Nanotubes at Large
Emission Current Conditions ........................... 110
9.3 Effect of Tip Structure of Nanotubes on Field
Emission .............................................. 112
9.4 Relationship between Field Emission and Gap Width ..... 113
9.5 Other Studies by In situ ТЕМ of CNT Emitters .......... 114
References ................................................. 116
10 Field Emission from Single-Wall Nanotubes .................. 119
Kenneth A. Dean
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 119
10.2 Single-Wall Nanotubes and Field Emission .............. 119
10.3 Measuring the Properties of a Single SWNT ............. 120
10.4 Field Emission from a Clean SWNT Surface .............. 121
10.5 SWNT-Adsorbate Field Emission ......................... 131
10.6 Field Emission Stability .............................. 136
10.7 Conclusions ........................................... 140
References ................................................. 140
11 Simulated Electric Field in an Array of CNTs ............... 143
Hidekazu Murata and Hiroshi Shimoyama
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 143
11.2 Simulation Method ..................................... 143
11.3 Computational Model ................................... 145
11.4 Field Analysis for the VA-CNT System .................. 148
11.5 Field Analysis for VA-CNT System with Uniform
Length ................................................ 150
11.6 Field Analysis for VA-CNT System with Nonuniform
Length ................................................ 154
11.7 Effect of Shape of CNT Apex ........................... 157
11.8 Effect of CNT Length .................................. 158
11.9 Electric Field Analysis of Network-Structured CNT
System ................................................ 160
References ................................................. 162
12 Surface Coating of CNT Emitters ............................ 163
Yoshikazu Nakayama
12.1 Effects of Surface Coating of CNT Emitters ............ 164
12.2 Field Emission from Individual CNT Coated with BN ..... 167
12.3 Field Emission from Brush-Like CNTs Coated with MgO ... 169
12.4 Field Emission from Brush-Like CNTs Coated with TiC ... 172
References ................................................. 174
Part III Field Emission from Related Nanomaterials ............ 177
13 Graphite Nanoneedle Field Emitter .......................... 179
Takahiro Matsumoto and Hidenori Mimura
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 179
13.2 Fabrication and Structure Characterization ............ 179
13.3 Field Emission Characteristics ........................ 182
13.4 Applications .......................................... 182
13.5 Stochastic Model ...................................... 188
13.6 Summary ............................................... 191
References ................................................. 191
14 Field Emission from Carbon Nanowalls ....................... 193
Masaru Hori and Mineo Hiramatsu
14.1 General Description of Carbon Nanowalls ............... 193
14.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanowall Films .................... 194
14.3 Field Emission Properties of Carbon Nanowalls ......... 199
14.4 Surface Treatment for Improvement of Field Emission
Properties ............................................ 200
14.5 Prospects for the Future .............................. 203
References ................................................. 203
15 Flexible Field Emitters: Carbon Nanofibers ................. 205
Masaki Tanemura and Shu-Ping Lau
15.1 Introduction .......................................... 205
15.2 Room Temperature Fabrication of Ion-Induced Carbon
Nanofibers ............................................ 205
15.3 Applications to Field Electron Emission Sources ....... 208
15.4 Summary ............................................... 215
References ................................................. 215
16 Diamond Emitters ........................................... 219
Shozo Kono
16.1 Field Emission from Intrinsic or p-Type Diamonds ...... 219
16.2 Field Emission from Nitrogen-Doped n-Type Diamonds .... 220
16.3 Field Emission from Phosphorus-Doped n-Type
Diamonds .............................................. 221
16.4 Electron Emission from pn-Junction Diamond Diodes ..... 225
16.5 Other Application of Diamond Emitter .................. 228
References ................................................. 229
17 ZnO Nanowires and Si Nanowires ............................. 231
Baoqing Zeng and Zhi Feng Ren
17.1 Introduction .......................................... 231
Baoqing Zeng and Zhi Feng Ren Introduction
17.2 Synthesis of ZnO and Si Nanowires or Nanobelts ........ 231
17.3 Field Emission of Si and ZnO Nanowires ................ 241
17.4 Summary ............................................... 253
Acknowledgment ............................................. 253
References ................................................. 253
Part IV Applications of Carbon Nanotubes ...................... 259
18 Lamp Devices and Character Displays ........................ 262
Sashiro Uemura
18.1 Introduction .......................................... 262
18.2 Lamp Devices for Light Sources ........................ 262
18.3 Super-High-Luminance Light Source Device .............. 266
18.4 Summary of Lamp Devices ............................... 272
18.5 Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Displays for Low-
Power Character Displays .............................. 272
18.6 Summary of the Display Panel .......................... 282
Acknowledgments ............................................ 284
References ................................................. 284
19 Screen-Printed Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters for Display
Applications ............................................... 287
Yong Churl Kim, In Taek Han, and Jong Min Kim
19.1 Introduction .......................................... 287
19.2 Formulation of Photoimageable CNT Paste ............... 292
19.3 Posttreatment ......................................... 295
19.4 Field Emission Display Based on Printed CNTs .......... 300
19.5 Conclusion ............................................ 306
References ................................................. 307
20 Nanotube Field Emission Displays: Nanotube Integration by
Direct Growth Techniques ................................... 311
Kenneth A. Dean
20.1 Introduction .......................................... 311
20.2 Field Emission Display Design and Drive Voltage ....... 312
20.3 Fabricating the Display ............................... 316
20.4 Luminance Uniformity and Control and Nanotube
Distributions ......................................... 321
20.5 Display Performance ................................... 323
20.6 Sealing ............................................... 327
20.7 Operating Lifetime .................................... 328
20.8 Conclusions ........................................... 329
References ................................................. 330
21 Transparent-Like CNT-FED ................................... 333
Takeshi Tonegawa, Masateru Taniguchi, and Shigeo Itoh
21.1 Diode-Type CNT-FED .................................... 333
21.2 Structure of Diode-Type CNT-FED ....................... 333
21.3 Characteristics of CNT-FED ............................ 335
21.4 Relation between Gap and Emission ..................... 337
21.5 Property of CNT-FED ................................... 338
21.6 Nonevaporable Getter .................................. 338
21.7 Summary ............................................... 340
References ................................................. 341
22 CNT-Based FEL for BLU in LCD ............................... 343
Yoon-Ho Song, Jin-Woo Jeong, and Dae-Jun Kim
22.1 Introduction .......................................... 343
22.2 CNT-FEL Structure ..................................... 346
22.3 CNT Cathode ........................................... 348
22.4 Anode ................................................. 356
22.5 Vacuum Packaging ...................................... 358
22.6 Driving and Characterization .......................... 360
22.7 Future Works .......................................... 368
Acknowledgments ............................................ 368
References ................................................. 368
23 High-Current-Density Field Emission Electron Source ........ 373
Shigeki Kato and Tsuneyuki Noguchi
23.1 Introduction .......................................... 373
23.2 Guiding Principles and Practical Methods for High-
Performance Emitter ................................... 374
23.3 Impregnation of RuO2 and OsO2 ......................... 379
23.4 CNT Rooting ........................................... 380
23.5 Effect of Impregnation on Field Emission Properties ... 381
23.6 Effect of Rooting on Field Emission Properties ........ 384
23.7 Influence of Residual Gas ............................. 386
References ................................................. 388
24 High-Resolution Microfocused X-ray Source with Functions
of Scanning Electron Microscope ............................ 389
Koichi Hata and Ryosuke Yabushita
24.1 Introduction .......................................... 389
24.2 Multiwalled CNT Field Emission Cathode ................ 390
24.3 Construction of High-Resolution Transmission X-ray
Microscope Equipped with the Function of SEM .......... 392
24.4 Characteristic Evaluation of High-Resolution X-ray
Microscope Provided with SEM Function ................. 394
24.5 Factors Limiting Resolution of X-ray Transmission
Image ................................................. 396
24.6 Conclusion ............................................ 398
References ................................................. 399
25 Miniature X-ray Tubes ...................................... 401
Fumio Okuyama
25.1 Introduction .......................................... 401
25.2 Our Technical Basis for Miniaturizing X-ray Tubes ..... 402
25.3 The Pd Emitter ........................................ 404
25.4 Devising X-ray Tubes with Miniature Dimensions ........ 405
25.5 Status Quo of Our MXT Technique ....................... 413
25.6 Future Prospect of MXTs in Radiation Therapy .......... 416
References ................................................. 416
26 Carbon Nanotube-Based Field Emission X-ray Technology ...... 417
Otto Zhou and Xiomara Calderon-Colon
26.1 Introduction .......................................... 417
26.2 Fabrication of CNT Cathodes for X-ray Generation ...... 420
26.3 Field Emission Microfocus X-ray Tube .................. 425
26.4 Distributed Multibeam Field Emission X-ray ............ 428
26.5 Imaging Systems ....................................... 430
26.6 Summary and Outlook ................................... 434
Acknowledgments ............................................ 434
References ................................................. 435
27 Microwave Amplifiers ....................................... 439
Pierre Legagneux, Pierrick Guiset, Nicolas Le Sech,
Jean-Philippe Schnell, Laurent Gangloff, William
I. Milne, Costel S. Cojocaru, and Didier Pribat
27.1 Introduction .......................................... 439
27.2 State of the Art of Thermionic Cathodes and
Methodology to Review CNT Cathodes .................... 441
27.3 CNT-Based Electron Guns as High Current Electron
Sources ............................................... 444
27.4 CNT Cathodes Delivering a Modulated Electron Beam ..... 450
27.5 Conclusion ............................................ 466
References ................................................. 468
Index ...................................................... 471
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