1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Historical Developments in Mine Safety .................. 1
1.2 Need for Approving Safety in Mining ..................... 2
1.3 Mine Safety Facts and Figures ........................... 2
1.4 Major Mine Disasters .................................... 3
1.5 Terms and Definitions ................................... 4
1.6 Useful Information on Mine Safety ....................... 5
1.6.1 Organizations .................................... 5
1.6.2 Journals and Magazines ........................... 6
1.6.3 Books ............................................ 6
1.6.4 Conference Proceedings ........................... 7
1.6.5 Data Information Sources ......................... 8
1.7 Scope of the Book ....................................... 8
1.8 Problems ................................................ 8
References ................................................... 9
2 Safety Mathematics and Basics ............................... 13
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 13
2.2 Arithmetic Mean, Mean Deviation, and Standard
Deviation .............................................. 13
2.2.1 Arithmetic Mean ................................. 14
2.2.2 Mean Deviation .................................. 14
2.2.3 Standard Deviation .............................. 15
2.3 Boolean Algebra Laws and Probability Definition and
Properties ............................................. 16
2.3.1 Boolean Algebra Laws ............................ 16
2.3.2 Probability Definition .......................... 17
2.3.3 Probability Properties .......................... 17
2.4 Probability Distributions .............................. 19
2.4.1 Exponential Distribution ........................ 19
2.4.2 Normal Distribution ............................. 20
2.4.3 Weibull Distribution ............................ 20
2.5 Expected Value and Laplace Transform Definitions
and Final Value Theorem ................................ 21
2.5.1 Expected Value .................................. 21
2.5.2 Laplace Transform ............................... 21
2.5.3 Laplace Transform: Final Value Theorem .......... 22
2.6 Solving First Order Differential Equations Using
Laplace Transforms ..................................... 23
2.7 Safety and Engineers ................................... 24
2.8 Statute, Administrative, Common, and Liability Laws .... 25
2.9 Accident Causation Theories ............................ 26
2.10 Common Causes of Work Injuries, Accident Death Rates
by Industry, and Workers' Compensation ................. 26
2.11 Problems ............................................... 28
References .................................................. 29
3 Safety Management ........................................... 31
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 31
3.2 Safety Management Principles and Safety Department
Functions .............................................. 31
3.3 Safety Manager's and Engineer's Functions .............. 32
3.4 Developing a Safety Program Plan and Safety-related
Strategies for Safety Professionals .................... 33
3.5 Motivating Workers to Work Safely and Management-
related Deficiencies Leading to Accidents .............. 35
3.6 Safety-related Responsibilities of Non-safety
Groups ................................................. 36
3.7 Safety Checklist for Management ........................ 38
3.8 Safety Cost Estimation ................................. 39
3.8.1 Safety Cost Estimation Model .................... 39
3.8.2 The Heinrich Method ............................. 40
3.8.3 The Simonds Method .............................. 40
3.9 Problems ............................................... 41
References .................................................. 42
4 Safety Analysis Methods and Indices ......................... 43
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 43
4.2 Hazards and Operability (HAZOP) ........................ 43
4.3 Job Safety Analysis (JSA) .............................. 44
4.4 Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) ...................... 45
4.5 Failure Mode and Effective Analysis .................... 45
4.6 Interface Safety Analysis (ISA) ........................ 47
4.7 Fault Tree Analysis .................................... 48
4.7.1 Probability Evaluation of Fault Trees ........... 49
4.7.2 Fault Tree Analysis Benefits and Drawbacks ...... 52
4.8 Markov Method .......................................... 52
4.9 Index 1: Disabling Injury Severity Rate (DISR) ......... 55
4.10 Index II: Disabling Injury Frequency Rate (DIFR) ....... 55
4.11 Problems ............................................... 56
References .................................................. 56
5 Global Mine Accidents ....................................... 59
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 59
5.2 Mine Accidents: United States .......................... 59
5.2.1 Monongah Mining Disaster ........................ 62
5.2.2 Cherry Mine Disaster ............................ 62
5.3 Mine Accidents: United Kingdom ......................... 62
5.3.1 Senghenydd Colliery Disaster .................... 63
5.3.2 The Oaks Mining Disaster ........................ 63
5.4 Mine Accidents: China .................................. 63
5.4.1 Benxihu (Honkeiko) Colliery Mining Disaster ..... 64
5.4.2 Sunjiawan Mine Disaster ......................... 64
5.5 Mine Accidents: Australia .............................. 64
5.5.1 Mount Kembla Mining Disaster .................... 65
5.5.2 Mount Mulligan Mining Disaster .................. 65
5.5.3 Bulli Collliery Disaster ........................ 65
5.6 Mine Accidents: Canada ................................. 65
5.6.1 Hillcrest Mining Disaster ....................... 66
5.6.2 Springhill Mining Disaster ...................... 66
5.6.3 Nanaimo Mining Disaster ......................... 66
5.6.4 Westray Mining Disaster ......................... 66
5.7 Mine Accidents: Poland ................................. 67
5.8 Mine Accidents: Russia and the Ukraine ................. 67
5.8.1 Ulyanovskya Coal Mine Disaster .................. 68
5.8.2 Zasyadko Coal Mine Disaster ..................... 68
5.9 Mine Accidents: South Africa ........................... 68
5.10 Problems ............................................... 69
References .................................................. 70
6 Human Factors and Error in Mine Safety ...................... 73
6.1 Introduction ........................................... 73
6.2 The Need for the Application of Human Factors
to Mining Industries and Common Roadblocks in
Introducing Human Factors to Organizations ............. 73
6.3 Occupational Stressors and Human Factors-related
Formulas ............................................... 74
6.3.1 Maximum Lifting Load Estimation Formula ......... 75
6.3.2 Rest Period Length Estimation Formula ........... 75
6.3.3 Character Height Estimation Formula ............. 76
6.4 Human Factors-related Considerations in Mining
Equipment Design ....................................... 76
6.5 Human Factors Safety Issues ............................ 77
6.6 Classifications and Causes of Human Errors Resulting
in Fatal Mine Accidents ................................ 78
6.7 Common Mining Equipment Maintenance Errors and
Maintenance Error Contributory Factors ................. 78
6.8 Types of Chemicals Released in Human Error-
associated Events in the Mining and Manufacturing
Industrial Sectors ..................................... 80
6.9 Methods for Performing Human Error Analysis in the
Area of Mine Safety .................................... 81
6.9.1 Fault Tree Analysis ............................. 81
6.9.2 Throughput Ratio Method ......................... 83
6.9.3 Probability Tree Method ......................... 84
6.10 Design Improvement Guidelines for Reducing Mining
Equipment Maintenance Errors and Factors Responsible
for Failing to Reduce the Occurrence of Human Error
in the Mining Sector ................................... 86
6.11 Problems ............................................... 87
References .................................................. 87
7 Mining Equipment Safety ..................................... 89
7.1 Introduction ........................................... 89
7.2 Mining Equipment Safety-related Facts and Figures and
Mining Equipment-related Fatal Accidents ............... 89
7.3 Equipment Fire-related Mining Accidents, Mining
Equipment Fire Ignition Sources, and Strategies for
Reducing Mining Equipment Fires ........................ 91
7.4 Fatalities and Injuries Due to Crane, Drill Rig, and
Haul Truck Contact with High Tension Power Lines and
Guidelines for Improving Electrical Safety in Mines .... 92
7.5 Mining Ascending Elevator Accidents and Safety in
Electrical Design of Mine Elevator Control Systems ..... 93
7.6 Human Factor Considerations in the Design of Mine
Safety and Rescue Devices and Human Factor Tips for
Safer Mining Equipment ................................. 94
7.7 Mining Equipment Maintenance Accidents and Causes
for Mining Equipment Accidents ......................... 95
7.8 Mining Equipment Safety Analysis Methods ............... 96
7.8.1 Consequence Analysis ............................ 96
7.8.2 Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT)
Analysis ........................................ 96
7.8.3 Binary Matrices ................................. 97
7.9 Hazardous Area Signaling and Ranging Device (HASARD)
Proximity Warning System ............................... 98
7.10 Problems ............................................... 98
References .................................................. 99
8 Electrical Accidents in Mines and Programmable Electronic
Mining System Safety ....................................... 101
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 101
8.2 Fatal Electrical Accidents in Comparison to Other
Fatal Mine Accidents and in Different Mining Areas .... 101
8.3 Nature of Injury from Electrical Accidents in Mines
and Job Titles of Victims of Mining Electrical
Accidents ............................................. 102
8.4 Activities Performed During the Occurrence of Mining
Electrical Accidents and Equipment Involved in Mine
Electrical Accidents .................................. 103
8.5 Measures for Mitigating Mine Electrical Shock
Injuries in General and in Maintenance Work ........... 104
8.6 Programmable Electronic-related Accidents in Mines .... 105
8.7 Methods for Conducting Programmable Electronic
Mining System Hazard and Risk Analysis ................ 106
8.7.1 Operating and Support Analysis ................. 106
8.7.2 Action Error Analysis .......................... 107
8.7.3 Potential or Predictive Human Error Analysis ... 107
8.7.4 Event Tree Analysis ............................ 108
8.7.5 Sequentially Timed Events Plot Investigation
System ......................................... 108
8.8 Lessons Learned in Addressing Programmable
Electronic Mining System Safety-related Issues ........ 109
8.9 Problems .............................................. 109
References ................................................. 110
9 Gas-related, Fire, and Blasting Accidents in Mines and
Methods for Determining Mine Atmosphere Status ............. 111
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 111
9.2 Origin and Mechanism of Coal Mine Outbursts and
Their Prediction and Prevention ....................... 111
9.3 Underground Fires in Hard Coal Mines and Out-of-
Control Coal Fires .................................... 112
9.4 Use of Inert Gases in Mine Fires ...................... 114
9.5 Blasting Injuries in Surface Mining and Blast Damage
Index ................................................. 115
9.5.1 Blast Damage Index (BDI) ....................... 116
9.6 Flammable Gas Explosions and Useful Recommendations
for Their Avoidance ................................... 116
9.7 Methods for Determining the Status of Mine
Atmosphere ............................................ 118
9.7.1 Carbon Dioxide Index ........................... 119
9.7.2 Jones-Trickett Ratio ........................... 119
9.8 Problems .............................................. 120
References ................................................. 121
10 Safety in Offshore Industry ................................ 123
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 123
10.2 Offshore Risk Picture ................................. 123
10.3 Offshore Worker Situation Awareness Concept ........... 124
10.3.1 Studies and Their Results ...................... 125
10.4 Accident Reporting Approach in Offshore Industry ...... 126
10.5 Offshore Accident Causes .............................. 127
10.6 Case Studies of Accidents in Offshore Industry ........ 129
10.6.1 Piper Alpha Accident ........................... 129
10.6.2 Alexander L. Kielland Accident ................. 130
10.6.3 Ocean Ranger Accident .......................... 130
10.6.4 Glomar Java Sea Drillship Accident ............. 131
10.6.5 Enchova Central Platform Accident .............. 131
10.6.6 Mumbai High North Platform Accident ............ 131
10.6.7 Bohai 2 Jack-Up Accident ....................... 132
10.7 Problems .............................................. 132
References ................................................. 133
11 Mathematical Models for Performing Safety Analysis in
Mines ...................................................... 135
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 135
11.2 Model I ............................................... 135
11.3 Model II .............................................. 138
11.4 Model III ............................................. 141
11.5 Model IV .............................................. 142
11.6 Model V ............................................... 145
11.7 Model VI .............................................. 147
11.8 Model VII ............................................. 150
11.9 Model VIII ............................................ 152
11.10 Problems ............................................. 156
References ................................................. 157
Bibliography .................................................. 159
Introduction ............................................... 159
Publications ............................................... 159
Author Biography .............................................. 183
Index ......................................................... 185
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