Preface ........................................................ XI
List of Contributors ........................................... XV
1 New Micro- and Nanotechnologies for Electrochemical
Biosensor Development ........................................ 7
Francesca Berti and Anthony P.F. Turner
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 Carbon Nanotubes ........................................ 3
1.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes Used in Catalytic Biosensors .... 4
1.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes Used in Affinity Biosensors .... 10
1.3 Conductive Polymer Nanostructures ...................... 15
1.3.1 Conductive Polymer Nanostructures Used in
Catalytic Biosensors ............................ 15
1.3.2 Conductive Polymer Nanostructures Used in
Affinity Biosensors ............................. 20
1.4 Nanoparticles .......................................... 23
1.4.1 Nanoparticles Used in Catalytic Biosensors ...... 23
1.4.2 Nanoparticles Used in Affinity Biosensors ....... 24
1.5 Conclusions ............................................ 30
References .................................................. 30
2 Advanced Nanoparticles in Medical Biosensors ................ 37
Dan Fei, Songjun Li, Christian Cimorra, and Yi Ge
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 37
2.2 Nanoparticles .......................................... 39
2.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles .............................. 39
2.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles .......................... 43
2.2.3 Quantum Dots .................................... 44
2.2.4 Silica-Based Nanoparticles ...................... 47
2.2.5 Dendrimers ...................................... 48
2.2.6 Fullerenes ...................................... 50
2.3 Conclusions and Outlook ................................ 52
References .................................................. 53
3 Smart Polymerie Nanofibers Resolving Biorecognition
Issues ...................................................... 57
Ashutosh Tiwari, Ajay K. Mishra, Shivani B. Mishra, Rajeev
Mishra, and Songjun Li
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 57
3.2 Nanofibers ............................................. 60
3.2.1 pH-Sensitive Nanofibers ......................... 61
3.2.2 Temperature-Responsive Nanofibers ............... 61
3.3 Electrospinning of Nanofibers .......................... 62
3.4 Biorecognition Devices ................................. 64
3.5 Conclusions ............................................ 69
References .................................................. 70
4 Fabrication and Evaluation of Nanoparticle-Based
Biosensors .................................................. 73
Rhishikesh Mandke, Buddhadev Layek, Citanjali Sharma, and
Jagdish Singh
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 73
4.2 Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors and their Fabrication .... 74
4.2.1 Types of Nanobiosensors ......................... 74
4.2.1.1 Electrochemical Biosensors ............. 75
4.2.1.2 Calorimetric Biosensors ................ 76
4.2.1.3 Optical Biosensors ..................... 76
4.2.1.4 Piezoelectric Biosensors ............... 78
4.2.2 Fabrication of Biosensors ....................... 78
4.2.2.1 Immobilization of Biomolecules ......... 78
4.2.2.2 Conjugation of Biomolecules and
Nanomaterials .......................... 80
4.2.2.3 Newer Nanobiosensing Technologies ...... 80
4.3 Evaluation of Nanoparticle-Based Nanosensors ........... 82
4.3.1 Structural Characterization of Nanoparticle-
Based Biosensors ................................ 82
4.3.1.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy ........... 82
4.3.1.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy ....... 83
4.3.1.3 Atomic Force Microscopy ................ 84
4.3.1.4 X-Ray Diffraction ...................... 84
4.3.1.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy ....... 85
4.3.1.6 UV/Visible Spectroscopy ................ 85
4.3.2 Functional Characterization of Nanoparticle-
Based Biosensors ................................ 86
4.3.2.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance ............ 86
4.3.2.2 Ellipsometry ........................... 86
4.3.2.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance .............. 87
4.3.2.4 Cyclic Voltammetry ..................... 87
4.4 Applications of Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors .......... 88
4.5 Conclusions ............................................ 89
References .................................................. 89
5 Enzyme-Based Biosensors: Synthesis and Applications ......... 95
Shunsheng Cao, Juanrong Chen, Xin Jin, Weiwei Wu, and
Zhiyuan Zhao
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 95
5.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Biosensor Supports ... 96
5.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes ................................ 98
5.2.1.1 Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes ... 98
5.2.1.2 Application of Carbon Nanotubes as
Biosensor Supports ..................... 99
5.2.2 Nanoparticles for Enzyme Immobilization ........ 100
5.2.2.1 General Consideration ................. 100
5.2.2.2 Application of Nanoparticles as
Biosensor Supports .................... 101
5.2.3 Polymer Membranes .............................. 102
5.3 Application of Enzyme-Based Biosensors ................ 104
5.3.1 Environmental Monitoring ....................... 104
5.3.1.1 Phenolic Derivatives .................. 104
5.3.1.2 Pesticides ............................ 105
5.3.2 Medical Diagnostics ............................ 107
5.4 Conclusions ........................................... 109
Acknowledgments ............................................ 109
References ................................................. 109
6 'Energy Harvesting for Biosensors Using Biofriendly
Materials .................................................. 117
Radheshyam Rai
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 117
6.1.1 What is a Sensor? .............................. 117
6.1.2 Why are We Moving Towards Biofriendly
Materials? ..................................... 118
6.1.3 Why are We Moving Towards Energy Harvesting? ... 118
6.2 Energy Production and Consumption ..................... 118
6.3 Classification of Energy-Harvesting Devices ........... 119
6.4 Conclusions ........................................... 124
References ................................................. 125
7 Carbon Nanotubes: In Vitro and In Vivo Sensing and
Imaging .................................................... 127
William Cheung and Huixin He
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 127
7.2 Carbon Nanotubes: Structure, Physical and Chemical
Properties, and Applications .......................... 128
7.3 Near-IR Absorption of Carbon Nanotubes ................ 132
7.4 Near-IR Photoluminescence of Single-Walled Carbon
Nanotubes ............................................. 134
7.4.1 Study Internalization Mechanism and In Vitro,
In Vivo, and Long-Term Fate of Carbon
Nanotubes ...................................... 136
7.4.2 In Vitro and In Vivo Molecular Detection and
Imaging ........................................ 138
7.4.2.1 Molecular Detection and Imaging
Based on the Intrinsic Near-IR
Fluorescence: Immunoassay ............. 138
7.4.2.2 Near-IR Photoluminescence
Transduction Based on Band Gap
Modulation of Single-Walled Carbon
Nanotubes ............................. 140
7.4.2.3 Other Sensing and Imaging
Mechanisms ............................ 144
7.5 Raman Scattering of Carbon Nanotubes .................. 145
7.5.1 Molecule Sensing and Imaging Based on Carbon
Nanotube Raman Scattering ...................... 147
7.5.2 Study of Internalization, In Vitro Cellular
and In Vivo Tissue Biodistribution, and Long-
Term Fate ...................................... 149
7.6 Conclusions and Outlook ............................... 155
Acknowledgments ............................................ 156
References ................................................. 156
8 Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated Detection of Proteins .......... 167
Erin K. Nyren-Erickson, Ryne C. Hendrickson, and Sanku
Mallik
8.1 Introduction to Liposomes ............................. 161
8.2 Saturated Liposomes ................................... 162
8.2.1 Detection of Antigens .......................... 162
8.2.2 Detection of Viruses ........................... 167
8.2.3 Detection of Enzymes ........................... 169
8.3 Polymerized Liposomes ................................. 169
8.3.1 Detection of Viruses ........................... 170
8.3.2 Detection of Antigens .......................... 173
8.3.3 Detection of Proteins .......................... 173
8.4 Conclusions ........................................... 174
References ................................................. 174
9 Nanomaterials for Optical Imaging .......................... 177
Anil V. Wagh, Ruchi Malik, and Benedict Law
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 177
9.2 Doped Nanoparticles ................................... 178
9.2.1 Doped Nanoparticles for In Vivo Imaging ........ 178
9.2.2 Quantum Dots ................................... 180
9.2.3 Application of Quantum Dots for In Vivo
Imaging ........................................ 181
9.2.4 Gold Nanoparticles ............................. 181
9.2.4.1 Application of Gold Nanoparticles in
Fluorescence Imaging .................. 185
9.2.4.2 Application of Gold Nanoparticles in
Photoacoustic Imaging ................. 186
9.2.5 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles ...................... 188
9.2.5.1 Liposomes as Imaging Carriers ......... 188
9.2.5.2 Biomolecules .......................... 190
9.3 Conclusions and Outlook ............................... 192
Acknowledgments ............................................ 192
References ................................................. 192
10 Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Electrochemical
Biosensors ................................................. 799
Chunyan Wang, Bernard Knudsen, and Xueji Zhang
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 399
10.2 Attachment of Biomolecules to Quantum Dots ............ 200
10.3 Quantum Dot-Based Redox Proteins Biosensor ............ 200
10.3.1 Glucose Oxidase-Quantum Dot-Based Glucose
Biosensor ...................................... 200
10.3.2 Hemoglobin-Quantum Dot-Based H2O2 Biosensor .... 204
10.3.3 Myoglobin-Quantum Dot-Based H2O2 Biosensor ..... 208
10.3.4 Laccase-Quantum Dot-Based Ascorbic Acid
Biosensor ...................................... 211
10.3.5 Acetylcholinesterase-Quantum Dot-Based
Inhibitor Biosensor ............................ 211
10.4 Quantum Dot-Based Electrochemical Biosensors of
Proteins and DNA ...................................... 213
10.5 Conclusions ........................................... 217
References ................................................. 218
11 Functionalized Graphene for Biosensing Applications ........ 227
Minghui Yang, Chunyan Wang, Qin Wei, Bin Du, He Li, and
Zhiyong Qian
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 221
11.2 Preparation of Grapheme ............................... 221
11.3 Functionalized Graphene with Metal Nanoparticles ...... 224
11.4 Glucose Biosensors Based on Graphene .................. 225
11.5 Immunosensors Based on Graphene ....................... 228
11.6 Other Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Graphene .... 229
11.7 Conclusions ........................................... 233
References ................................................. 234
12 Current Frontiers in Electrochemical Biosensors Using
Chitosan Nanocomposites .................................... 237
Shivani B. Mishra, Ajay K. Mishra, and Ashutosh Tiwari
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 237
12.2 Chitosan .............................................. 238
12.3 Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical
Biosensors ............................................ 240
12.3.1 Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Amperometric
Biosensors ..................................... 240
12.3.2 Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Potentiometric
Biosensors ..................................... 242
12.3.3 Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Conductimetric
Biosensors ..................................... 244
12.4 Conclusions and Future Aspects ........................ 245
References ................................................. 245
13 Nanomaterials as Promising DNA Biosensors .................. 247
Premlata Kumari
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 247
13.2 Nanomaterials as Signal Amplifiers for
Hybridization ......................................... 248
13.2.1 Nanoparticles .................................. 248
13.2.1.1 Gold Nanoparticles .................... 249
13.2.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles .................. 249
13.2.1.3 Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles ......... 250
13.2.2 Quantum Dots ................................... 250
13.2.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrochemical DNA
Sensors ........................................ 251
13.3 Conclusions ........................................... 252
References ................................................. 253
14 Nanocomposites and their Biosensor Applications ............ 255
Ajay K. Mishra, Shivani B. Mishra, and Ashutosh Tiwari
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 255
14.2 Nanocomposites ........................................ 256
14.2.1 Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites .................. 257
14.2.2 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites .................... 258
14.2.3 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites .................. 258
14.3 Biosensors ............................................ 259
14.4 Types of Biosensors ................................... 261
14.4.1 Electrochemical ................................ 262
14.4.1.1 Potentiometric ........................ 262
14.4.1.2 Conductimetric ........................ 262
14.4.1.3 Amperometric .......................... 263
14.4.2 Thermal Detection .............................. 263
14.4.3 Ion-Sensitive .................................. 263
14.4.4 Optical Detection .............................. 263
14.4.5 Resonant ....................................... 264
14.5 Biosensors Applications ............................... 264
14.6 Nanocomposites for Biosensor Applications ............. 264
14.7 Conclusions ........................................... 266
References ................................................. 266
Index ......................................................... 269
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