Foreword ....................................................... XI
CHAPTER 1
Introduction .................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.2 Exposure Scenarios ......................................... 5
1.3 The Nature of the Interaction: Rationale for Limiting
Exposure to EMF ............................................ 7
1.4 International Scientific Messages .......................... 9
1.5 Risk Communication and Perception ......................... 11
1.6 The Reason for Writing this Book .......................... 13
References ..................................................... 16
CHAPTER 2
Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Fields Interaction with
Matter ......................................................... 21
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 21
2.2 Electromagnetic Dosimetry ................................. 22
2.2.1 Definition ......................................... 22
2.2.2 Electromagnetic Fields and Matter .................. 23
2.2.3 Specific Absorption Rate ........................... 27
2.3 Dielectric Properties ..................................... 29
2.3.1 Measurement Techniques ............................. 29
2.3.2 Current Knowledge on Dielectric Properties ......... 38
2.3.3 The Role of Tissue Dielectric Properties and
Geometry on Electromagnetic Dosimetry .............. 46
2.4 Heat Generation ........................................... 50
2.4.1 Bioheat Equation ................................... 50
2.4.2 Thermal Properties of Human Tissues ................ 56
2.5 Conclusions ............................................... 57
References ..................................................... 59
CHAPTER 3
Far-Field Numerical Electromagnetic Dosimetry .................. 67
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 67
3.2 Electromagnetic Exposure Evaluation and Compliance
Testing ................................................... 69
3.3 Human Body and Source Modeling ............................ 71
3.3.1 Human Body Model ................................... 71
3.3.2 Source Modeling .................................... 76
3.4 Simulation Techniques ..................................... 82
References ..................................................... 85
CHAPTER 4
Near-Field Numerical Electromagnetic Dosimetry ................. 93
4.1 Phantom and Source Modeling ............................... 93
4.1.1 Phantom Developments ............................... 93
4.1.2 Source Modeling ................................... 100
4.2 Simulation Techniques .................................... 103
4.2.1 Averaging Strategies .............................. 109
4.2.2 Meshing Strategies ................................ 110
References .................................................... 111
CHAPTER 5
In Situ Measured Exposure Assessment and Compliance Testing ... 121
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 121
5.2 Preevaluation ............................................ 124
5.3 Instrumentation for Measurement .......................... 126
5.3.1 Broadband Probes .................................. 126
5.3.2 Narrowband Equipment .............................. 128
5.3.3 Antennas .......................................... 129
5.3.4 Digital Mobile Communications Measuring
Instrument ........................................ 132
5.4 Volunteer Studies ........................................ 132
5.5 Accurate Far-Field Compliance Testing for 2G
Measurements ............................................. 134
5.5.1 Measurement Campaigns ............................. 134
5.5.2 Measurement Procedures ............................ 137
5.5.3 Base Station Activity Determination ............... 140
5.5.4 Broadband Measurements ............................ 143
5.5.5 Data Acquisition and Evaluation of Compliance
with Broadband Probes ............................. 144
5.5.6 Narrowband Measurements ........................... 146
5.5.7 Data Acquisition and Evaluation of Compliance
with Narrowband Probes ............................ 147
5.6 Accurate Far-Field Compliance Testing for 3G
Measurements ............................................. 153
5.6.1 The Need for Measurements ......................... 153
5.6.2 The UMTS Downlink Signal .......................... 154
References .................................................... 158
CHAPTER 6
Near-Field SAR Measurements with Automated Scanning Systems ... 165
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 165
6.2 Dosimetric Assessment System ............................. 167
6.3 SAR Assessment System .................................... 167
6.4 Portable SAR Systems ..................................... 169
6.5 Sources of Inaccuracies .................................. 171
References .................................................... 172
CHAPTER 7
The Effect of Metallic Objects on SAR Distributions ........... 175
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 175
7.2 Perfectly Conducting Spectacles and Eye Implants ......... 177
7.3 Electrodes and Wire-Leads ................................ 180
7.4 Pins ..................................................... 183
7.5 Plates ................................................... 184
7.6 Rings, Piercings, and Auditory Implants .................. 186
7.7 Stents ................................................... 202
References .................................................... 202
CHAPTER 8
Worldwide Standardization and Guideline Discrepancies ......... 207
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 207
8.2 Extremities and Mass- and Time-Averaging ................. 210
8.3 Volume Averaging ......................................... 212
8.4 Regulations .............................................. 213
References .................................................... 216
CHAPTER 9
Medical Applications of High Frequency Electromagnetic
Energy ........................................................ 221
9.1 Electromagnetic Therapy and Hypothermia .................. 221
9.1.1 Biological Response and Risk ...................... 222
9.2 Therapeutic Applications ................................. 223
9.2.1 Cardiac Treatments ................................ 224
9.2.2 Urological Pathologies ............................ 225
9.2.3 Gastric Pathologies ............................... 227
9.2.4 Tumor Ablation .................................... 227
9.2.5 Sleep Breathing Disorders ......................... 230
9.2.6 Endometrial Ablation .............................. 230
9.2.7 Assistance to Arthroscopic Surgery ................ 231
9.2.8 Assistance to Lipoclasty .......................... 232
9.3 Conclusions and Future Research .......................... 232
References .................................................... 233
CHAPTER 10
Conclusions ................................................... 237
References .................................................... 240
Acronyms ...................................................... 243
About the Editor .............................................. 249
About the Contributors ........................................ 249
Index ......................................................... 253
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